Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Total | Non-MCR | MCR | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3962 | n = 3434 | n = 528 | ||
| AMS | 16.09 (4.25) | 16.19 (4.22) | 15.41 (4.36) | <0.001 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 25.12 (8.54) | 25.65 (8.39) | 21.72 (8.74) | <0.001 |
| Limb dysfunction score | 14.10 (5.20) | 13.55 (8.39) | 17.65 (6.38) | <0.001 |
| Visual acuity score | 2.82 (0.82) | 2.79 (0.83) | 3.07 (0.70) | <0.001 |
| Childhood social isolation | 1.10 (1.33) | 1.07 (1.31) | 1.29 (1.44) | 0.001 |
| BMI | 23.14 (4.11) | 23.14 (3.92) | 23.14 (5.18) | 0.985 |
| Waist | 84.55 (13.84) | 84.63 (13.72) | 84.03 (14.55) | 0.354 |
| FTSS | 10.87 (13.84) | 10.45 (4.00) | 13.67 (6.14) | <0.001 |
| Bl-hdl | 51.72 (12.41) | 51.68 (12.45) | 52.01 (12.14) | 0.567 |
| Bl-cysc | 0.95 (0.26) | 0.95 (0.24) | 0.99 (0.33) | 0.002 |
| Bl-crp | 3.11 (6.79) | 2.94 (6.33) | 4.27 (9.14) | 0.001 |
| Bl-glu | 104.10 (32.52) | 103.78 (31.09) | 106.23 (40.57) | 0.185 |
| Bl-cho | 184.11 (35.82) | 184.61 (35.52) | 180.85 (37.56) | 0.025 |
| Bl-bun | 16.48 (4.93) | 16.45 (4.92) | 16.65 (4.99) | 0.396 |
| Bl-ua | 5.07 (1.43) | 5.09 (1.44) | 4.96 (1.42) | 0.054 |
| Bl-wbc | 5.97 (1.81) | 5.95 (1.76) | 6.12 (2.11) | 0.040 |
| Bl-hgb | 13.44 (1.84) | 13.46 (1.84) | 13.31 (1.86) | 0.091 |
| Bl-hct | 40.91 (5.59) | 40.96 (5.57) | 40.62 (5.69) | 0.198 |
| Bl-crea | 0.85 (0.31) | 0.85(0.31) | 0.87 (0.33) | 0.276 |
| Bl-ldl | 103.51 (28.84) | 103.92 (28.41) | 100.89 (31.42) | 0.025 |
| Bl-hbalc | 6.08 (0.98) | 6.06 (0.93) | 6.15 (1.29) | 0.119 |
| Systolic pressure | 134.21 (21.13) | 134.06 (20.84) | 135.20 (22.92) | 0.283 |
| Diastolic pressure | 73.98 (10.97) | 74.00 (11.01) | 73.81 (10.72) | 0.711 |
| Arthritis or rheumatism(%) | 1569 (39.6) | 1339 (39) | 230 (43.6) | 0.046 |
| Hypertension(%) | 1197 (30.2) | 1029 (30) | 168 (31.8) | 0.388 |
| Malnutrition(%) | 1390 (35.1) | 1186 (34.5) | 204 (38.6) | 0.066 |
| Gender (%) | 0.097 | |||
| Male | 1964 (49.6) | 1720 (50.1) | 244 (46.2) | |
| Female | 1998 (50.4) | 1714 (49.9) | 284 (53.8) | |
| Weakness (%) | 1421 (35.9) | 1136 (33.1) | 285 (54) | <0.001 |
| Age, years (%) | 0.497 | |||
| <75 | 1750 (44.2) | 1524 (44.4) | 226 (42.8) | |
| ≥ 75 | 2212 (55.8) | 1910 (55.6) | 302 (57.2) | |
| Marital status(%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 2952 (74.5) | 2592 (75.5) | 360 (68.2) | |
| Unmarried | 1010 (25.5) | 842 (24.5) | 168 (31.8) | |
| Educational level(%) | <0.001 | |||
| Primary | 3257 (82.2) | 2783 (81) | 474 (89.8) | |
| Secondary | 636 (16.1) | 583 (17) | 53 (10) | |
| Tertiary | 69 (1.7) | 68 (2) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Permanent address (%) | 0.028 | |||
| Urban | 993 (25.1) | 881 (25.7) | 112 (21.2) | |
| Rural | 2969 (74.9) | 2553 (74.3) | 416 (78.8) | |
| Agricultural work experience(%) | 0.090 | |||
| No | 1452 (36.6) | 1241 (36.1) | 211 (40) | |
| Yes | 2510 (63.4) | 2193 (63.9) | 317 (60) | |
| Currently smoking (%) | 1057 (26.7) | 917 (26.7) | 140 (26.5) | 0.927 |
| Currently drinking (%) | 1259 (31.8) | 1136 (33.1) | 123 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Nighttime sleep duration(%) | 0.002 | |||
| <6 h | 1431 (36.1) | 1199 (34.9) | 232 (43.9) | |
| 6–8 h | 2072 (52.3) | 1840 (53.6) | 232 (43.9) | |
| ≥ 9 h | 459 (11.6) | 395 (11.5) | 64 (12.1) | |
| Afternoon nap(%) | 0.769 | |||
| 0 h | 1595 (40.2) | 1380 (40.2) | 215 (40.7) | |
| <1 h | 648 (16.4) | 572 (16.7) | 76 (14.4) | |
| ≥ 1 h | 1719 (43.4) | 1482 (43.2) | 237 (44.9) | |
| Sleep quality (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Rarely or none of the time | 2031 (51.3) | 1808 (52.6) | 223 (42.2) | |
| Some or a little of the time | 548 (13.8) | 475 (13.8) | 73 (13.8) | |
| Occasionally or a moderate amount of the time | 513 (12.9) | 419 (12.2) | 94 (17.8) | |
| Most or all of the time | 870 (22) | 732 (21.3) | 138 (26.1) | |
| Multiple morbidity (%) | 0.008 | |||
| No | 2127 (53.7) | 1872 (54.5) | 255 (48.3) | |
| Yes | 1835 (46.3) | 1562 (45.5) | 273 (51.7) | |
| Chonic pain (%) | 1257 (31.7) | 1005 (29.3) | 252 (47.7) | <0.001 |
| Fall (%) | 0.004 | |||
| No | 3205 (80.9) | 2802 (81.6) | 403 (76.3) | |
| Yes | 757 (19.1) | 632 (18.4) | 125 (23.7) | |
| ADL damaged (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 3172 (80.1) | 2853 (83.1) | 319 (60.4) | |
| Yes | 790 (19.9) | 581 (16.9) | 209 (39.6) | |
| Self-perceived health status (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 2833 (71.5) | 2543 (74.1) | 290 (54.9) | |
| Poor | 1129 (28.5) | 891 (25.9) | 238 (45.1) | |
| Hearing (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 1084 (27.4) | 988 (28.8) | 96 (18.2) | |
| Poor | 2878 (72.6) | 2446 (71.2) | 432 (81.8) | |
| Dpression (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No depressive symptoms | 2817 (71.1) | 2510 (73.1) | 307 (58.1) | |
| Mild depressive symptoms | 873 (22) | 711 (20.7) | 162 (30.7) | |
| Severe depressive symptoms | 272 (6.9) | 213 (6.2) | 59 (11.2) | |
| Aloneness (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2848 (71.9) | 2507 (73) | 341 (64.6) | |
| Yes | 1114 (28.1) | 927 (27) | 187 (35.4) | |
| Social participation (%) | <0.001 | |||
| None | 800 (20.2) | 641 (18.7) | 159 (30.1) | |
| Poor | 1746 (44.1) | 1518 (44.2) | 228 (43.2) | |
| Fair | 1072 (27.1) | 954 (27.8) | 118 (22.3) | |
| Good | 344 (8.7) | 321 (9.3) | 23 (4.4) | |
| Hospitalization history (%) | 699 (17.6) | 574 (16.7) | 125 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| Endowment insurance (%) | 0.102 | |||
| No | 1149 (29) | 980 (28.5) | 169 (32) | |
| Yes | 2813 (71) | 2454 (71.5) | 359 (68) | |
| Medical insurance (%) | 0.461 | |||
| No | 414 (10.4) | 354 (10.3) | 60 (11.4) | |
| Yes | 3548 (89.6) | 3080 (89.7) | 468 (88.6) | |
| Adverse childhood experience (%) | 0.173 | |||
| 0 | 82 (2.1) | 67 (2) | 15 (2.8) | |
| 1 | 698 (17.6) | 598 (17.4) | 100 (18.9) | |
| ≥ 2 | 3182 (80.3) | 2769 (80.6) | 413 (78.2) |
AMS, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, Body Mass Index; FTSS, Five-Times-Sit-To-Stand; Bl-hdl, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Bl-cysc, cystatin c; Bl-crp, c-reactive protein; Bl-glu, glucose; Bl-cho, total cholesterol; Bl-bun, blood urea nitrogen; Bl-ua, uric acid; Bl-wbc, white blood cell; Bl-hgb, hemoglobin; Bl-hct, hematocrit; Bl-crea, creatinine; Bl-ldl, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Bl-hbalc, glycated hemoglobin