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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 14.
Published in final edited form as: Ocul Surf. 2023 Apr 13;29:77–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.005

Table 7.

Common foundation ingredients [411-414].

Type Definition Examples
Pigments Colorants titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, kaolin, iron oxides
Opacifying Agents Substances that reduce the clear or transparent appearance of cosmetic products. Some opacifying agents are used in skin makeup for hiding blemishes. myristic acid, palmitic acid, cellulose succinate, potassium cellulose succinate
Surfactant Emulsifying Agent Surfactants that help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. stearic acid, palmitic acid, lecithin, cellulose gum
Solvents/Viscosity Decreasing Agents Substances that decrease the thickness of liquid cosmetic products. water, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol, dipropylene glycol, mineral oil, propylene glycol, cellulose gum
Antioxidants Ingredients that prevent or slow deterioration due to chemical reaction with oxygen. tocopherols/vitamin E, vitamin C, ferulic acid, niacinamide, green tea
Skin Conditioner/Smoothers/Emollient Ingredients that act as lubricants on the skin surface, which give the skin a soft and smooth appearance tocopherols/vitamin e, squalane and squalene, mineral oil, cyclomethicone, propylene glycol, dimethicone, cellulose succinate, potassium cellulose succinate, coco-caprylate
Skin Protectant mineral oil, glycerin, dimethicone
Humectant Ingredients that slow the loss of moisture from a product during use glycerin, propylene glycol, cellulose succinate, potassium cellulose succinate
pH adjuster Ingredients that are used to control the pH of cosmetic products. triethanolamine (tea)
Bulking agents/Shine control Non-reactive, solid ingredients that are used to dilute other solids, or to increase the volume of a product. talc, silica, magnesium aluminum silicate, cellulose, mica, bismuth oxychloride
Fragrances Scents unidentified/proprietary, propylene glycol
Anti-foaming agent Ingredients that reduce the tendency of finished products to generate foam when shaken. dimethicone
Preservatives methylparaben, paraben, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin