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. 2002 Nov 23;325(7374):1221–1224. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1221

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Immunogenicity of DNA based vaccines is constantly being improved. Approaches include replacing the native DNA sequence of the pathogen with a DNA sequence that uses the mammalian genetic code to encode same protein (“mammalian codon bias”); adding sequences that increase antigen uptake into Langerhans' cells, injection together with DNA encoding cytokines and follow up immunisation with either recombinant protein antigen or same antigen encoded by another DNA vector