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. 2024 Jul 14;14:16227. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62787-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Schematic of near-field detector-less s-SNOM setup. (b) Topography z, (c) reconstructed near-field amplitude s₃ and, (d) phase φ₃ images of a single CSRR with SLG embedded in the gap. The self-mixing (SM) signal is demodulated at the 3rd harmonic of the tapping frequency, and the pumping source is a QCL operating at f_QCL = 3.0 THz (current I_QCL = 370 mA, temperature T_QCL = 8.8 K). (e) Line-cut profiles of z, s₃ and φ₃ extracted along the white line marked in panels (b–d). (f) Evaluation of the spatial resolution of the THz s-SNOM experiment. (g) Lorentzian fit for the line response function (LRF) correspondent to the grey-shaded X interval in (f).