TABLE 2.

Concentrations of TBBPA and TBBPA‐bDiBPrE in dust samples from European countries, and estimate of dust exposure when reported by the authors.

Country sampling year	Number of samples	Concentration (ng/g)	Exposure estimate	Reference
TBBPA
Germany NR	N = 24 homes	Median: 48	NR	Abb et al. (2011)
Germany NR	N = 5 houses	Range: 2.9–232.8	NR	Kopp et al. (2012)
Germany NR	N = 20 houses	Median, Mean (range): 28.0, 44.1 (2.96–233)	Intake based on average dust intake and median concentrations in dust: Adults: 0.012 ng/kg bw per day Toddlers: 0.140 ng/kg bw per day Intake based on average dust intake and P95 concentrations in dust: Adults: 0.045 ng/kg bw per day Toddlers: 0.525 ng/kg bw per day	Fromme et al. (2014) a
France 2008	N = 9 homes N = 11 offices N = 7 cars	Median (range): Homes: 44 (7–165) Offices: 79 (32–1155) Cars: 47 (9–66)	Intake based on average dust intake and median concentrations in dust: Adults: 2.2 ng per day Toddlers: 5.6 ng per day Intake based on high dust ingestion and P95 concentrations in dust: Adults: 16.8 ng per day Toddlers: 67.3 ng per day	Abdallah et al. (2016) b
Italy 2019	N = 3 homes N = 2 workplaces	Median: Homes: < 124.1 Workplaces: 32.32	NR	Simonetti et al. (2020)
Greece 1997–2015	N = 25 cars	Mean (range): 44.8 (< 10–1064)	Intake based on average dust intake and median concentrations in dust: Adults = 0.00063 ng/kg bw per day Toddlers = 0.00441 ng/kg bw per day	Besis et al. (2017) c
Norway 2013–2014	N = 60 settled dust	Median (range): 62 (< 0.92–10,000)	Intake based on average dust intake and median concentrations in dust: 28 pg/kg bw per day	Tay et al. (2017) d
Czech Republic 2013	N = 18 houses	Range: < 2.5–269 Only 2 samples > LOQ	NR	Lankova et al. (2015)
UK 2009	N = 14 cars (trunk and cabin)	Median: Trunk: < 0.2 Cabin: 4.5	Intake based on average dust intake and median concentrations in dust: Adults: 4.4 ng per day Toddlers: 3.8 ng per day	Harrad and Abdallah (2011) e
TBBPA‐bDiBPrE
UK 2013–2015	N = 30 homes N = 42 offices	Median (range): Homes: 1000 (71–49,000) Offices: 2300 (310–14,000)	Intake based on average dust intake and median concentrations in dust: Adults: 15 ng per day Toddlers: 23 ng per day	Tao et al. (2016) f

^a Average daily intake of house dust assumed to be 30 mg for adults and 60 mg for toddlers. Body weight of toddlers assumed to be 12 kg, and that the adults 70 kg (Fromme et al., 2014).

^b Average daily intake of house dust assumed to be 20 mg for adults and 50 mg for toddlers. High dust ingestion assumed to be 50 mg for adults and 200 mg for toddlers (Abdallah et al., 2016).

^c Average daily ingestion of dust assumed to be 50 mg per day for adults and 60 mg per day for toddlers. Body weight of toddler assumed to be 12 kg and that the adults 70 kg (Besis et al., 2017).

^d Average daily ingestion of dust assumed to be 30 mg per day for adults (Tay et al., 2017).

^e Daily ingestion of dust assumed to be 20 mg per day for adults and 50 mg for toddlers. Assuming 4.1% of time spent in vehicle (Harrad & Abdallah, 2011).

^f Daily ingestion of dust assumed to be 20 mg per day for adults and 50 mg for toddlers (Tao et al., 2016).