TABLE 8.
Concentration of TBBPA in human milk, serum and adipose tissue samples from European countries.
| Country year | Number of samples | Concentration | Detection frequency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human milk | ||||
| Spain NR | n = 53 |
MB Mean (SD): Total TBBPA: 18.7 (16.7) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 3 out of the 53 samples analysed (LOD = 1 μg/L) |
Martínez et al. (2019) Hydrolysis step in the sample preparation to cleave conjugates |
|
Breastfeeding period: < 1 month: n = 18 1–6 months: n = 20 > 6 months: n = 5 |
According to breastfeeding period: < 1 month: 0.6 ± 0.42 μg/L 1–6 months: 0.61 ± 0.39 μg/L > 6 months: < 1.00 μg/L |
|||
| Spain 2016–2019 |
n = 40 Breastfeeding period: < 1 month: n = 22 1–6 months: n = 29 > 6 months: n = 9 |
MB Mean, median (range): Free TBBPA: 1.1, < 0.7 (< 0.7–7.8) ng/g lipid Total TBBPA: 2.8, 13 (< 0.7–14) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 20 out of the 40 samples analysed (LOD = 0.7 ng/g lipid) |
Rovira et al. (2022) Hydrolysis step in the sample preparation to cleave conjugates |
| France 2005 | n = 23 mother/new born pairs |
Median (range): 0.172 (0.034–9.4) ng/g lipid |
Substitution method for values < LOD/LOQ NR | Antignac et al. (2008) a |
| France 2010 | n = 106 |
Mean (range): LB: 3.2 (0–15) ng/g lipid UB: 3.5 (0.5–15) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 44 out of the 106 samples analysed (LOD = 0.5 ng/g lipid, LOQ = 2.5. ng/g lipid) | Inthavong et al. (2017) |
| Ireland NR | n = 11 pools from 109 first‐time mothers |
Mean (range): LB: 0.05 ng/g lipid UB: 0.33 (< 0.29–0.17) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 2 out of the 11 pools analysed (LOD NR) | Pratt et al. (2013) |
| Czech Republic 2010 | n = 50 |
MB Range: < 2–688 ng/g lipid |
Detected in 15 out of the 50 samples analysed (LOQ = 2 ng/g lipid) | Lankova et al. (2013) |
| Czech Republic 2019–2021 | n = 231 | ND | (LOD = 0.15 ng/mL) | Parizek et al. (2023) |
| UK NR | n = 34 |
Average, median (range): 0.06, < 0.04 (< 0.04–0.65) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 36% of the samples analysed (LOQ = 0.04 ng/g lipid) Substitution method for values < LOD/LOQ NR |
Abdallah and Harrad (2011) |
| UK 2010–2011 | n = 120 |
Average, median (P5–P95): 0.06, 0.04 (0.03–0.17) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 61% of the samples analysed (LOQ = 0.050 ng/g lipid) Concentrations < LOQ were substituted by f × LOQ, where f is the fraction of samples in which TBBPA was present > LOQ |
Harrad and Abdallah (2015) |
| Serum | ||||
| France 2005 |
n = 26 maternal serum n = 26 umbilical cord serum |
Average, median (range): 0.054, 0.007 (0.002–0.783) ng/g ww 0.152, 0.010 (0.002–1.012) ng/g ww |
‐ | Antignac et al. (2008) a |
| Norway 2013–2014 |
n = 61 Adults |
MB Mean, median (range): 9.4, < 0.28 (< 0.28–74) ng/g lipid |
Detected in 36% of the samples analysed (method LOD = 120 pg/serum sample, method LOQ = 170 pg/serum sample) | Tay et al. (2019) |
| Belgium 2015 |
n = 274 Adults |
MB Mean, median (range): < 4.1, < 4.1 (< 4.1–43.6) pg/mL |
Detected in 31% of the samples analysed (LOQ = 4.1 pg/mL) Concentrations < LOQ were substituted by LOQ × detection frequency |
Dufour et al. (2017) |
| Adipose tissue | ||||
| France 2005 |
n = 26 Women |
ND | (LOD NR) | Antignac et al. (2008) a |
| Portugal 2009–2011 |
n = 188 female patients undergoing bariatric surgery for weight reduction |
ND | (Method LOD = 0.003–0.009 μg/L, method LOQ = 0.008–0.03 μg/L) | Sousa et al. (2023) |
Abbreviations: LB, lower bound; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; MB, medium bound; ND, not detected; NR, not reported; UB, upper bound.
The study was not captured in the previous opinion, but it is reported in the current update for completeness.