TABLE H1.
Literature data on occurrence of TBBPA in food samples from non‐European countries.
| Country | Year | Food matrices analysed | Food matrices TBBPA detected (detection frequency) | Mean (range) of TBBPA levels | Exposure estimates | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 2016–2019 |
Animal‐derived foods N = 96 |
Aquatic food (100%) Meat (100%) Egg (91.7%) Dairy products (95.8%) |
19.0 (2.56–97.4) ng/kg ww Median: 11.1 ng/kg ww 97.7 (13.7–1.5 × 103) ng/kg ww Median: 24.6 ng/kg ww 13.2 (< LOD‐35.5) ng/kg ww Median: 8.52 ng/kg ww 3.73 (0.427–32.1) ng/kg ww Median: 1.6 ng/kg ww |
Consumption data: 6th Chinese Total Diet Study (TDS) Exposure estimates (not clear whether LB or UB scenario was used): Mean estimated daily intake: 156 ± 695 pg/kg bw per day P95: 411 pg/kg bw per day |
Zhao et al. (2023). ‘Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in animal‐derived foods from China Total Diet Study (CTDS): Temporal trends, evidence of substitution and dietary exposure assessment.’ J Hazard Mater 443(Pt A): 130223 |
| China | 2013 |
Food stuff samples meat/meat product, Egg, Fish/seafood, Dairy products, Vegetables, Fruit and berry, Oil, Soybean and nut, Cereal product N = 90 |
Meat/meat product (12/17) Egg (6/16) Fish/seafood (5/18) Dairy products (6/11) Vegetables (5/13) Fruit and berry (banana) (1/8) |
1.26 μg/kg ww 0.22 μg/kg ww 0.162 μg/kg ww 0.02 μg/kg ww 0.161 μg/kg ww 0.035 μg/kg ww |
Consumption data: Data from ‘The report of hygiene and human health status of Beijing, 2011″ Exposure estimates (LB scenario): 164 ng/day for adult via food |
Wang et al. (2019). Tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane isomers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foodstuffs from Beijing, China: Contamination levels, dietary exposure and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 666, 812–820 |
| China | 2013 |
Eggs samples (chicken, goose) N = 40 |
27–420 (1.6–890) μg/kg lipid Median: 6–27 μg/kg lipid |
No exposure assessment | Zeng et al. (2016). Habitat‐ and species‐dependent accumulation of organohalogen pollutants in home‐produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling site in South China: Levels, profiles and human dietary exposure. Environmental Pollution, 216, 64–70 | |
| China | 2011 |
Composite samples (aquatic foods, meat and meat products, eggs and egg products, milk and milk products) N = 80 |
Aquatic foods (18/20) Meat and meat products (19/20) Eggs and egg products (10/20) Milk and milk products (19/20) |
3.05a ± 4.26 (ND‐13.5) μg/kg lipid 1.78 ± 2.67 (ND‐10.9) μg/kg lipid 3.12 ± 7.54 (ND‐33.1) μg/kg lipid 5.76 ± 11.8 (ND‐52) μg/kg lipid |
Consumption data: 5th Chinese Total Diet Study (TDS) Exposure estimates (UB scenario): Mean intake: 1.51 ng/kg bw per day |
Shi et al. (2017b). Dietary exposure assessment of Chinese population to tetrabromobisphenol‐A, hexabromocyclododecane and decabrominated diphenyl ether: Results of the 5th Chinese Total Diet Study. Environmental Pollution, 229, 539–547 |
| Republic of Korea | 2016 |
Eight food categories Vegetables (rice, kimchi, brown rice) Fish (11 species) Fish products (fish cake and canned tuna) Shellfish (5 species) Meat (duck) Meat products (sausage and ham) Cephalopod (4 species) Crustacea (shrimp and crab) N = 301 |
Rice Fish Fish products Shellfish Meat Meat products Cephalopod Crustacea |
0.015 ± 0.025 (< 0.010 (LOD)–0.069) μg/kg ww < 0.010 (LOD)–0.933 μg/kg ww < LOD–0.191 μg/kg ww < 0.004 (LOD)–0.240 μg/kg ww < 0.006 (LOD)–0.026 μg/kg ww < 0.006 (LOD)‐0.238 μg/kg ww < 0.017 (LOD)–0.315 μg/kg ww < 0.004 (LOD)–0.045 μg/kg ww |
Consumption data: 19,386 samples of the Korean population Exposure assessment (UB scenario): Mean: 0.157 ng/kg bw per day; P95: 0.412 ng/kg bw per day |
Lee et al. (2020). Assessment of Tetrabromobisphenol and Hexabromocyclododecanes exposure and risk characterisation using occurrence data in foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 137 111121 |
| Tunisia (Bizerte lagoon) | 2018 |
Fish and seafood [8 species (3 fish, 5 shellfish (1 crustacean and 4 molluscs))] N = 24 [each species, three pools of 3 to 60 individual samples] |
European eel Clams |
0.01 (< 0.01 (LOQ)–0.04) μg/kg ww 0.11 (0.07–0.14) μg/kg ww |
Consumption data: FAO 2016 Exposure assessment (UB scenario): Mean estimated intake: 0.0004 ng/kg bw per day |
Mahfoudhi et al. (2023). First study of bromophenols and hexabromocyclododecanes in seafood from North Africa (case of Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia): occurrence and human health risk. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30, 64499–64516 |