TABLE G1.
Literature data on occurrence and dietary exposure of TBBPA in food samples from European countries.
| Country | Year | Food matrices analysed | Food matrices TBBPA detected (detection frequency) | Mean (range) | Exposure estimates | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General food categories | ||||||
| France | 2011–2012 |
Food for infants (0–3 years old) and composite foods Food for infants: Milk‐based beverage Cereals Milk‐based desserts Growing‐up milk Soups and puree Fruit puree Vegetable‐based ready‐to‐eat meal Meat/fish‐based ready‐to‐eat meal Infant formula Follow‐on formula Composite foods: Dairy products, meat, pastries, chocolate, fish N = 205 |
Growing‐up milk (9/9) Vegetable‐based ready‐to‐eat meal (2/20) Meat/fish‐based ready‐to‐eat meal (4/45) Infant formula (17/28) Follow‐on formula (24/33) Chocolate (1/2) Mixed dishes (1/4) Fish (1/3) Meat (1/2) Pastries (1/1) Poultry (1/2) |
21.7 (6.79–75.0) ng/kg ww 10.4 (6.45–14.7) ng/kg ww (UB) 12.7 (7.08–141) ng/kg ww (UB) 48.6 (7.34–321) ng/kg ww (UB) 60.1 (9.12–581) ng/kg ww (UB) 61.9 (60.6–63.2) ng/kg ww (UB) 26.9 (18.3–31.7) ng/kg ww (UB) 18.4 (16.6–21.4) ng/kg ww (UB) 25.4 (21.4–29.3) ng/kg ww (UB) 914 ng/kg ww (UB) 53.6 (23.3–83.8) ng/kg ww (UB) |
Consumption data: Consumption survey for 705 children aged 0–3 years, excluding totally or partially breastfed infants Exposure estimates based on UB scenario: Mean: 0.968 to 9.94 ng/kg bw per day for the 1–3 years of age group and the 1–4 months of age group, respectively P90: 1.8–31.3 ng/kg bw per day for the 1–3 years of age group and the 1–4 months of age group, respectively |
Rivière et al. (2019) |
| France | 2014–2016 |
Food samples Fish Crustaceous/molluscs Milk Egg Sheep liver Meat N = 577 (feed excluded) |
Fish (51/114) Crustaceous/molluscs (92/154) Milk (12/72) Egg (15/57) Sheep liver (14/28) Meat (56/152) |
< LOD (< LOD–68) ng/kg ww 0.6 (< LOD‐26) ng/kg ww < LOD (< LOD–2.70) ng/kg ww < LOD (< LOD–5.66) ng/kg ww 0.079 (< LOD–22.76) ng/kg ww < LOD (< LOD–17.73) ng/kg ww Median instead of mean LOD 0.001–0.002 μg/kg from Bichon et al 2018 |
No exposure assessment |
Venisseau et al. (2018) |
| Belgium | 2015–2016 |
Food samples ‘Fish and fish products’ (n = 61 including fish, crustaceans and molluscs) ‘Meat and meat products’ (n = 35) ‘Milk and dairy products’ (n = 38, including liquid milk, desserts and cheese) ‘Food for infants and young children’ (n = 18), ‘Animal and vegetable fat’ (n = 9) ‘Grains and grain‐based products’ (n = 7), ‘Eggs and egg products’ (n = 4) ‘Potatoes and derived products’ (n = 4), ‘Other food’ (stock: n = 4, food supplements: n = 1; vegetables: n = 2) N = 183 |
All samples (2%) Fish sticks Canned King crabs Turkey delicatessen |
0.8 ng/kg ww (LB) 39 ng/kg ww 8 ng/kg ww 96 ng/kg ww |
No exposure assessment | Poma et al. (2018) |
| The Netherlands | NR |
Dairy and diary products (22 pooled samples), Eggs (9 pooled samples), Meat and poultry (21 pooled samples), Animal fats (7 pooled samples), Fish (17 pooled samples), vegetable oil (6 pooled samples) N = 82 |
Cheese (2/13) Fish (6/17) |
< 0.1–0.09 μg/kg 0.001–3.4 μg/kg |
Consumption data: Data obtained from the third Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS) Exposure estimates based on MB scenario: Mean: 0.04 ng/kg bw per day |
de Winter‐Sorkina et al., 2003 |
| The Netherlands | 2009–2014 |
Food samples (various foods from terrestrial and aquatic animal origin) N = 107 |
Bovine meat (1/13) Broiler meat (1/15) Haddock fillet (1/5) |
0.10 μg/kg lipid 0.054 μg/kg lipid 0.063 μg/kg ww |
No exposure assessment | Gebbink et al. (2019) |
| Ireland | 2015 |
Food samples Milk (12 samples), eggs (yolk only, 12 samples), fish (10 samples), carcass fat taken from cattle, pigs, lambs and chickens (12 samples in total), and liver (bovine, porcine, ovine, equine and avian, 7 samples in total) N = 53 |
1 farmed salmon sample | 0.01 μg/kg ww | No exposure assessment | Garcia Lopez et al. (2018) |
| Spain | NR |
Infant formula N = 50 |
Infant formula (5/50) |
0.57 (< LOD–1.9) μg/L (MB) (14.6 μg/kg lipid) LOD (1 μg/L) |
Consumption data: Data on milk intake were obtained from the US‐EPA exposure handbook (USEPA, 2011) with monthly temporal resolution Mean exposure estimates: 0.05–0.08 μg/kg bw per day for the > 6–12 months of age group and the < 1 month of age group, respectively |
Martínez et al. (2019) |
| The Czech Republic | NR |
Infant formula N = 6 |
Infant formula (0/6) | LOQ (50–150 ng/kg) | No exposure assessment | Lankova et al. (2013) |
| Fish and seafood | ||||||
|
Europe Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Ireland, India 10 species from the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea and the north‐east Atlantic Ocean, including 3 samples imported from the Pacific Ocean (cod and tuna) and one from India (shrimp) |
2014–2015 |
Fish and seafood (mainly marine) Cod (3) Mackerel (11) Monkfish (4) Mussel (10) Nile perch (1) Plaice (1) Salmon (3) Seabream (2) Shrimp (1) Tuna (6) N = 42 |
Mackerel (40% in 11 samples) Monkfish (2/4) |
2.76 (< 0.84 (LOD)–6.56) μg/kg lipid; fat 3.44%–36.5% 24.5 (< 0.84 (LOD)–48.6) μg/kg lipid; fat 0.17%–0.26% |
Consumption data: Data for adults from Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain Exposure estimates for each country separately (UB scenario): Mean: 1.3 × 10−3 μg/kg bw per day (Spain and Portugal) P95: 1.3 × 10−3 μg/kg bw per day (Belgium) |
Aznar‐Alemany et al. (2017) |
| Italy | 2017–2018 |
Fish and seafood (marine) Wild fish and seafood species (N = 24) Seafood farmed bivalve molluscs, from six different locations (N = 16) |
< 0.05 (LOD) μg/kg ww in all samples | No exposure assessment | Chessa et al. (2019) | |
|
EU area Six sites: The Netherlands, Sweden, UK (2 sites), France, Germany |
2007–2013 |
Fish (freshwaters and estuaries) Bream (Abramis brama) from all sites and sole (Solea solea) only from the Netherlands N = 43 |
Bream (35/36) Sole (7/7) |
0.5–1.2 μg/kg ww 0.5–0.7 μg/kg ww |
No exposure assessment | Kotthoff et al. (2017) |
| Czech Republic | 2010 |
Fish (freshwater) Fish muscle tissue (27 common breams, 1 common carp, 1 crucian carp, 8 European chubs, 1 European perch, 1 grayling, 1 gudgeon, 1 rainbow trout, 6 roaches, 1 rudd) N = 48 |
Fish (11/48) Species not reported |
1.29 (0.14–4.43) μg/kg ww Median: 0.46 μg/kg ww |
No exposure assessment | Hlouskova et al. (2013) |
| The Czech Republic | 2010 |
Fish (freshwater) 26 European chubs, 22 common breams, 4 asps, 3 roaches, 2 crucian carps, 1 common carp and 1 nase carp N = 59 |
Fish (9/59) Species not reported |
1.39 (0.160–6.06) μg/kg ww 60.8 (4.99–203) μg/kg lipid Median: 0.318 μg/kg ww (19.2 μg/kg lipid) |
No exposure assessment | Svihlikova et al. (2015) |
Abbreviations: dw, dry weight; LB, lower bound; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; MB, medium bound; UB, upper bound; ww, wet weight.