TABLE 1.
Patient characteristic
| n | Pre-existing airway disease# | n | No pre-existing airway disease¶ | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age years | 615 | 58.7±12.9 | 2081 | 57.8±12.5 | 0.148 |
| Sex at birth | 615 | 2081 | 0.000 | ||
| Male | 317 (51.5) | 1341 (64.4) | |||
| Female | 298 (48.5) | 740 (35.6) | |||
| Ethnicity | 608 | 2070 | 0.000 | ||
| White | 499 (82.1) | 1508 (72.9) | |||
| South Asian | 54 (8.9) | 251 (12.1) | |||
| Black | 33 (5.4) | 160 (7.7) | |||
| Mixed | 10 (1.6) | 45 (2.2) | |||
| Other | 12 (2.0) | 106 (5.1) | |||
| Smoking | 539 | 1774 | 0.002 | ||
| Current smoker | 23 (4.3) | 55 (3.1) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 234 (43.4) | 641 (36.1) | |||
| Nonsmoker | 282 (52.3) | 1078 (60.8) | |||
| Index of multiple deprivation index (IMD) | 612 | 2065 | 0.018 | ||
| 1 – most deprived | 162 (26.5) | 456 (22.1) | |||
| 2 | 147 (24.0) | 475 (23.0) | |||
| 3 | 95 (15.5) | 368 (17.8) | |||
| 4 | 86 (14.1) | 386 (18.7) | |||
| 5 – least deprived | 122 (19.9) | 380 (18.4) | |||
| BMI kg·m−2 | 432 | 1441 | |||
| Median (IQR) | 31.9 (28.2–37.4) | 30.9 (27.5–35.3) | 0.001 | ||
| <30 kg·m−2 | 154 (35.7) | 641 (44.6) | |||
| ≥30 kg·m−2 | 278 (64.3) | 796 (55.4) | |||
| Comorbidities + | 65 | 2082 | |||
| Median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–3) | 0.000 | ||
| 0 | 138 (22.4) | 667 (32.0) | 0.000 | ||
| 1 | 104 (16.9) | 433 (20.8) | |||
| ≥2 | 373 (60.7) | 982 (47.2) | |||
| Cardiovascular | 615 | 297 (48.3) | 2082 | 942 (45.2) | 0.183 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 614 | 121 (19.7) | 2077 | 416 (20.0) | 0.972 |
| Neuropsychiatric | 615 | 184 (29.9) | 2082 | 378 (18.2) | 0.000 |
| Renal and endocrine | 615 | 85 (13.8) | 2082 | 202 (9.7) | 0.004 |
| Hospital admission details | |||||
| Admission duration days | 615 | 13.7±16.8 | 2082 | 14.2±18.3 | 0.540 |
| Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR | 570 | 535 (93.9) | 1887 | 1748 (92.6) | 0.317 |
| WHO clinical progression scale | 615 | 2082 | 0.041 | ||
| WHO class 3–4 | 101 (16.4) | 346 (16.6) | |||
| WHO class 5 | 278 (45.2) | 857 (41.2) | |||
| WHO class 6 | 149 (24.2) | 484 (23.2) | |||
| WHO class 7–9 | 87 (14.2) | 395 (19.0) | |||
| Systemic steroids | 583 | 369 (63.3) | 1978 | 1079 (54.6) | 0.000 |
| Antibiotic therapy | 602 | 484 (80.4) | 2030 | 1591 (78.4) | 0.286 |
| Anticoagulants | 579 | 248 (42.8) | 1986 | 925 (46.6) | 0.112 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean±sd or median (IQR). Percentages are calculated by category after exclusion of missing data for that variable. World Health Organization (WHO) classes are as follows: 3–4=no continuous supplemental oxygen needed; 5=continuous supplemental oxygen only; 6=continuous or bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal oxygen; and 7–9=invasive mechanical ventilation or other organ support. BMI: body mass index; SARS-CoV-2 PCR: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction. #: n=615; ¶: n=2082; +: the total number of comorbidities in the airways group does not include the airway diseases.