Figure 3.

Techniques used to assess drug distribution or treatment effects in tumors after embolization with DEE microspheres. A) Fluorescence microspectroscopy image of eluted doxorubicin surrounding microspheres in a blood vessel (scale bar 50 μm) and B) infrared microspectroscopy demonstrating quantification of doxorubicin inside microspheres, 28 days post embolization in swine liver (scale bar 70 μm) [103]. C) Fluorescence imaging (pseudo-colored intensity heatmap) and D) mass spectrometry imaging of sunitinib in a tissue section from a rabbit VX2 tumor embolized with sunitinib-eluting microspheres [113]. E) Fluorescence microscopy image of rabbit VX2 tumor section containing doxorubicin-loaded radiopaque microspheres showing doxorubicin (red) in vivo elution into tissue (blue cell nuclei) 1 hour after embolization [15]. F) Automated identification of tumor necrosis (blue), fibrosis (light blue), and liver parenchyma necrosis (brown) using infrared microspectroscopy-based prediction model in a rabbit VX2 tumor section (scale bar 1 mm) [127]. A, B, C, D, and F reproduced with permission from Elsevier. E reproduced with permission from The Radiological Society of North America.