. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 15.

Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2021 Jan 22;18(3):383–398. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1835858

Table 2.

Examples of techniques used to measure drug in tumors following TACE with DEE microspheres.

Technique	Examples of drugs measured	Sample preparation	Drug concentration measured in tissue	Drug spatial distribution measured in tissue	Drug measured in microspheres
LC-MS/MS	Doxorubicin / doxorubinicol, sunitinib, vandetanib,irinotecan (CPT-11, SN38, SN38-G)	Homogenized tissue or biopsy	✓	X	X	[7, 62, 65, 73, 121–123]
LC-FD	Doxorubicin	Homogenized tissue	✓	X	X	[15]
Fluorescence microscopy	Doxorubicin, sunitinib	Tumor section	✓	✓	X	[7, 15, 95, 113]
Autoradiography	¹⁴C doxorubicin	Whole-body section (rat)	✓	✓	X	[124]
Atomic absorption spectroscopy	Doxorubicin / doxorubinicol	Homogenized tissue	✓	X	X	[102]
Microspectrofluorimetry	Doxorubicin	Tissue section	✓	✓	X	[103, 108, 122]
Infra-red microspectroscopy	Doxorubicin, ibuprofen	Tissue section	X	X	✓	[103, 125]
Mass spectroscopy imaging	Sunitinib and metabolites	Tissue section	✓	✓	X	[113]
Atomic fluorescence	Arsenic trioxide	Homogenized tissue	✓	X	X	[126]