Fig. 5.

hFZD2 variants increased expression of nuclear β-catenin and TWIST1 on day 8. (A,B) In GFP- or wt hFZD2 virus-infected cultures, nuclear-β-catenin was found in fibroblasts at the superior and inferior edges. (C,D) In variant hFZD2-infected cultures, nuclear β-catenin was present in cartilage-forming regions. (E-Hʹ) Serial sections of the same cultures showing expression of TWIST1 and COL2A1 (E′-H′). Vertical brighter bands in G′,H,Hʹ are artifacts due to folds in the paraffin sections. See Table S12 for a list of cultures analyzed. Scale bars: 50 µm. (I) Quantification of β-catenin-positive cells showed that 40-60% of the cells in the variant hFZD2-infected cultures expressed nuclear β-catenin. (J) Quantification of TWIST1-positive cells showed an increase in the variant-infected cultures. Error bars show mean±s.d. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used for multiple comparisons. ns, not significant; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P≤0.0001.