FIGURE 1.

Microwave ablation (MWA) combined with α programmed death ligand 1 (αPD‐L1) therapy inhibits non‐MWA tumor growth and prolongs survival time. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating the investigation of the combined therapy involving MWA and PD‐L1 inhibition. MC38 or CT26 cells (1 × 10⁶) were bilaterally subcutaneously injected into male C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. MWA was carried out from day 7 after tumor inoculation. Day 1 after MWA, αPD‐L1 Ab (200 μg/100 μL) was administered (i.p.) with established subcutaneous tumor four times every 3 days. (B) Mean tumor growth and (C) Kaplan–Meier survival curves for C57BL/6 mice bearing MC38 tumors after treatment (n = 10). (D) Mean tumor growth and (E) Kaplan–Meier survival curves for BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors after treatment (n = 5). Two‐way ANOVA multiple comparison test and the log‐rank test were applied, and the mean ± SEM is shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.