TABLE 1.
Characteristics of subjects studied longitudinally (n = 205, with 2 or more LPs).
| Normotension (n = 134) | Controlled hypertension (n = 36) | Uncontrolled hypertension (n = 35) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | ||||
| Age (years) | 62.7 ± 9.5 | 67.4 ± 7.7 * | 68.0 ± 8.9 * | 0.001 |
| Education (years) | 16.8 ± 2.0 | 17.3 ± 2.1 | 17.1 ± 2.1 | 0.50 |
| Sex n (%female) | 89 (66%) | 18 (50%) | 19 (54%) | 0.13 |
| Median follow‐up time (years, range) | 2.7 (0.6 to 15.6) | 2.2 (0.5 to 7.2) | 2.7 (0.8 to 9.4) | 0.14 |
| APOE ε4 carriers n (%) | 43 (32%) | 9 (25%) | 12 (34%) | 0.65 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.4 ± 10.8 | 122.3 ± 9.8 | 147.2 ± 13.9 | N/A |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.0 ± 8.9 | 72.6 ± 9.3 | 86.0 ± 10.7 | N/A |
| BMI a | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 28.1 ± 6.9 * | 27.5 ± 4.9 * | 0.002 |
| Glucose b | 79.8 ± 17.0 | 86.0 ± 15.1 * | 84.9 ± 12.7 | <0.001 |
| QUICKI c | 0.386 ± 0.041 | 0.351 ± 0.033 * | 0.368 ± 0.040 | <0.001 |
| Insulin resistance c n (%) | 22 (21%) | 12 (48%) | 11 (41%) | 0.009 |
| Diabetes mellitus a n (%) | 6 (5%) | 4 (11%) | 1 (3%) | 0.27 |
| Total cholesterol d (mg/dL) | 195.8 ± 36.0 | 179.7 ± 33.2 | 201.2 ± 38.3 † | 0.03 |
| HDL cholesterol e (mg/dL) | 63.9 ± 17.8 | 56.4 ± 15.5 | 60.2 ± 17.5 | 0.09 |
| LDL cholesterol f (mg/dL) | 113.5 ± 31.7 | 100.3 ± 27.4 | 121.8 ± 31.7 † | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides e (mg/dL) | 94.6 ± 51.5 | 114.8 ± 52.6 | 106.5 ± 53.7 | 0.06 |
| Statins g n (%) | 30 (23%) | 18 (50%) | 11 (32%) | 0.006 |
| Hypercholesterolemia h n (%) | 48 (38%) | 22 (61%) | 21 (62%) | 0.005 |
| Antihypertensive medication n (%) | NA | 36 (100%) | 10 (32%) | N/A |
| Smoking i n (%) | 9 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (12%) | 0.31 |
| T‐tau (pg/mL) | 286.4 ± 12.3 | 308.7 ± 23.8 | 235.1 ± 24.2 | 0.27 |
| P‐tau 181 (pg/mL) | 44.0 ± 1.6 | 47.1 ± 3.0 | 38.9 ± 3.1 | 0.54 |
| Aβ42 (pg/mL) | 672.3 ± 20.0 | 669.5 ± 38.4 | 716.2 ± 39.6 | 0.29 |
| Follow‐up | ||||
| T‐tau (pg/mL) | 302.6 ± 12.6 | 337.7 ± 24.6 | 275.3 ± 24.8 | 0.66 |
| P‐tau 181 (pg/mL) | 47.0 ± 1.4 | 48.3 ± 2.8 | 44.5 ± 2.9 | 0.90 |
| Aβ42 (pg/mL) | 683.5 ± 19.6 | 702.1 ± 37.7 | 706.4 ± 39.3 | 0.83 |
| Dementia diagnosis at last visit NL/impaired/ missing n (%) | 125/6/3 (93/5/2%) | 34/0/2 (94/0/6%) | 30/2/3 (86/6/9%) | 0.27 |
| Hypertension diagnosis at last visit normotension/controlled/uncontrolled/missing n (%) | 106/5/12/11 (79/4/9/8%) | 4/25/5/2 (11/69/14/6%) | 10/12/10/3 (29/34/29/8%) | <0.001 |
Note: Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA was used to compare groups for continuous variables (except for age, which was analyzed with ANOVA). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise specified. For CSF biomarkers we used ANCOVA adjusting for age and presented data as mean ± standard error. p values for T‐tau and P‐tau 181 come from ranked ANCOVA.
Median time was assessed with data restricted at fifth visit.
Abbreviation: APOE, Apolipoprotein E; BMI, Body Mass Index; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; NL, cognitively normal; NTN, normotensive; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; QUICKI, Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.
Significant p values are in bold.
Data available for 196 subjects (129 normotensive individuals, 36 subjects with controlled hypertension [HTN], and 31 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 200 subjects (131 normotensive individuals, 35 subjects with controlled HTN, and 34 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 156 subjects (104 normotensive individuals, 25 subjects with controlled HTN, and 27 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 195 subjects (127 normotensive individuals, 34 subjects with controlled HTN, and 34 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 190 subjects (122 normotensive individuals, 34 subjects with controlled HTN, and 34 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 186 subjects (120 normotensive individuals, 34 subjects with controlled HTN, and 32 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 201 subjects (131 normotensive individuals, 36 subjects with controlled HTN, and 34 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 203 subjects (134 normotensive individuals, 36 subjects with controlled HTN, and 33 with uncontrolled HTN).
Data available for 201 subjects (131 normotensive individuals, 36 subjects with controlled HTN, and 34 with uncontrolled HTN).
Different from normotensive group at < 0.05 corrected (Bonferroni).
Different from controlled hypertension at < 0.05 corrected.