TABLE 2.

Association of cognitive reserve index with cognitive performance among participants from memory clinic with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment.

	Global cognition (N = 91)		Memory (N = 98)		Processing speed (N = 92)		Working memory (N = 78)		Perceptual reasoning (N = 93)
CRI score	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Model 1	5.22 (1.90 to 14.36)	0.001	1.53 (0.72 to 3.26)	0.265	2.64 (1.14 to 6.13)	0.024	3.21 (1.21 to 8.55)	0.019	3.86 (1.63 to 9.17)	0.002
Adjustment for stress measures
Perceived stress scale	6.86 (2.11 to 22.32)	0.001	1.88 (0.82 to 4.32)	0.139	2.52 (1.02 to 6.28)	0.046	3.70 (1.27 to 10.78)	0.016	4.52 (1.72 to 11.89)	0.002
Awakening cortisol	5.27 (1.74 to 15.91)	0.003	1.69 (0.73 to 3.93)	0.221	2.34 (0.91 to 5.97)	0.077	2.72 (0.98 to 7.56)	0.055	2.96 (1.19 to 7.34)	0.019
Bedtime cortisol	4.81 (1.59 to 14.49)	0.005	1.60 (0.68 to 3.74)	0.278	2.50 (0.98 to 6.35)	0.055	2.58 (0.93 to 7.14)	0.068	2.68 (1.07 to 6.68)	0.035
CAR	5.09 (1.68 to 15.40)	0.004	1.95 (0.81 to 4.71)	0.139	2.46 (0.97 to 6.24)	0.059	2.70 (0.98 to 7.45)	0.056	2.84 (1.15 to 7.02)	0.024
Daily cortisol output	5.07 (1.68 to 15.33)	0.004	1.72 (0.74 to 4.01)	0.207	2.44 (0.97 to 6.14)	0.058	2.71 (0.98 to 7.53)	0.055	2.82 (1.14 to 6.99)	0.025
Cortisol AM/PM ratio	4.49 (1.46 to 13.78)	0.009	1.57 (0.66 to 3.73)	0.307	2.29 (0.88 to 5.98)	0.091	2.80 (0.98 to 7.99)	0.054	2.60 (1.03 to 6.57)	0.043

Note: Bold italicized is p value significant at < 0.05.

Model 1 is adjusted for age and sex. Adjustment for stress is for six different stress measures separate from Model 1.

Abbreviations: CAR, cortisol awakening response; CI, confidence interval; cortisol AM/PM ratio, awakening cortisol/bedtime cortisol; CRI, cognitive reserve index; OR, odds ratio.