Table 1.
The impact of smoke on air quality in partially enclosed outdoor hospitality venues in different settings
| Author, Year | Location | Settings (Sample size and Sampling time) |
Secondhand smoke indicator | Monitoring within outdoor smoking area | Monitoring adjacent to smoking area | Measurement in control site |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brennan et al., 2010 [36] | Australia, Melbourne |
Pubs and Bars (n = 19, 30 min) |
PM2.5 (mean) |
32.1 µg/m3 (n = 19, 30 min) |
N/A | N/A |
| Cameron et al., 2010 [37] | Australia, Melbourne | Restaurants and Cafes (n = 69, 30 min) | PM2.5 (mean) |
27.3 µg/m3 (n = 69, 30 min) |
N/A |
8.4 µg/m3 (n = 69, 5 min) |
| Stafford et al., 2010 [38] | Australia, Perth & Mandurah |
Cafes and Pubs (n = 28, 20 min) |
PM2.5 (mean) |
17.0 µg/m3 (n = 28, 20 min) |
N/A |
4.0 µg/m3 (n = 28, 6 min) |
| Wilson et al., 2011 [39] | New Zealand, Wellington |
Pubs, Bars and Restaurants (n = 20, 30 min) |
PM2.5 (mean) |
72.0 µg/m3 (n = 20, 30 min) |
54.0 µg/m3 (n = 13, 25 min, indoor) |
N/A |
| Edwards et al., 2011 [40] | New Zealand, Wellington |
Pubs and Bars (n = 7, 30 min) |
PM2.5 (mean) |
91.0 µg/m3 (n = 6, 30 min) |
71.0 µg/m3 (n = 6, 15 min, indoor) |
N/A |
| Kaplan et al., 2019 [41] | Turkey |
Restaurants, Bars, Clubs and Cafes (n = 72, 5 min) |
PM2.5 (median) |
31.0 µg/m3 (n = 20, 5 min) |
25.0 µg/m3 (n = 72, 5 min, outdoor) |
9.0 µg/m3 (n = 1, 5 min) |
| Sureda et al., 2018 [42] | Spain, Madrid |
Pubs, Bars and Restaurants (n = 14, 30 min) |
PM2.5 (median) |
10.9 µg/m3 (n = 14, 30 min) |
N/A |
7.8 µg/m3 (n = 36, 30 min) |
|
Pubs, Bars and Restaurants (n = 14, 30 min) |
Nicotine (median) |
0.1 µg/m3 (n = 14, 30 min) |
N/A | N/A | ||
| Fu et al., 2016 [43] | Spain, Barcelona | Restaurants and Cafes (n = 70, 30 min) | Nicotine (median) |
0.5 µg/m3 (n = 51, 30 min) |
0.4 µg/m3 (n = 49, 30 min, outdoor) |
< 0.1 µg/m3 (n = 18, 30 min) |
| Lopez et al., 2012b [44] | Spain (multiple cities) | Restaurants, Bars and Pubs (n = 12, 7days) | Nicotine (median) |
7.8 µg/m3 (n = 8, 7days) |
1.2 µg/m3 (n = 8, 7days, outdoor) |
0.1 µg/m3 (n = 8, 7days) |
| Lopez et al., 2012a [45] | Europe (multiple countries) | Restaurants, Bars and Clubs (n = 16, 30 min) | PM2.5 (median) |
43.6 µg/m3 (n = 16, 30 min) |
N/A | N/A |
| Restaurants, Bars and Clubs (n = 20, 30 min) | Nicotine (median) |
4.2 µg/m3 (n = 20, 30 min) |
N/A | N/A | ||
| Henderson et al., 2021 [46] | Europe (multiple countries) | Pubs, Bars and Cafes (n = 21, 30 min) | Nicotine (median) |
3.5 µg/m3 (n = 21, 30 min) |
N/A | N/A |
| St Helen et al., 2011 [47] | USA, Georgia | Bars and Restaurants (n = 5, 15 min) | PM2.5 (mean) |
44.6 µg/m3 (n = 3,15 min) |
N/A |
20.4 µg/m3 (n = 1,15 min) |
| Bars and Restaurants (n = 5, 15 min) | CO (mean) |
1.4 ppm (n = 3,15 min) |
N/A |
1.3 ppm (n = 1,15 min) |
||
| Issa et al., 2011 [48] | Brazil, Sao Paulo |
Clubs, Bars and Restaurants (n = 585, N/A) |
CO (mean) |
3.8 ppm Restaurants (n = 585, N/A) |
N/A |
1.2 ppm Restaurants (n = 585, N/A) |
Control site: No smokers were expected at control sites, so measurements provided information on street-level air quality in smoke-free outdoor areas. The study settings including sample size and sampling time may differ from field measurements in outdoor smoking areas, adjacent areas and control areas. “n” indicates sample size, and “min” indicates sampling time
µg/m3: Microgram per cubic metre
ppm: Parts per million by volume
N/A: Information not available