Fig. 3. NAC pre-treatment ameliorated CP-induced changes in markers related to DNA damage, apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress, and MAPK phosphorylation.

HCE cells. HCE cells were either exposed to CP (50μM) or pre-treated with NAC (5 mM NAC for 1 h) and then exposed to 50 μM CP for 24 h. After 24 h, cell lysates were prepared and western immunoblotting for H2A.X and p53 phosphorylation, p53 accumulation, and cleaved-PARP (A), JNK1/2 phosphorylation and accumulation (B), and HO-1 expression (C) was carried out as detailed under Materials and Methods section. Protein loading was checked by stripping and re-probing the membranes for beta-actin. The results obtained were quantified by densitometric analyses of the immunoblots and fold change compared to control was calculated. C, control; CP, chloropicrin; NAC, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine.