Fig. 5. CP exposure caused increase in carbonylated proteins and altered various pathways and processes in HCE cells.

HCE cells were exposed to 50 μM CP for 24 h. After 24 h, cell lysates were prepared. Proteomic analysis was carried out to identify carbonylated proteins via biotin-hydrazide enrichment and nUltra Performance Liquid Chromatography (nUPLC)-LC–MS/MS and further bioinformatics analyses of the obtained data was carried out as detailed under Materials and Methods section. Venn diagram showing the comparison of carbonylated proteins found post 24 h exposure in control and CP exposed HCE cells (A). Functional enrichment analysis, based on the KEGG pathway and gene ontology term assignments of the proteins identified and their co-occurrence in pathways, demonstrates critical pathways impacted by protein carbonylation in HCE cells upon CP exposure (B). C, control; CP, chloropicrin.