Table 1.
Summary results of selected studies on immobilization of lead by phosphate solubilizing bacteria (ND, not determined)
| Source | Microorganism | Lead Resistance | P Solubilization capacity (mg/L) | P Source | P solubilization effects | Pb immobilization mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: Pb-Zn concentrator tailing-waste contaminated soil: Pb, 43.8 mg/kg Cd, 0.33 mg/kg Cu, 11.9 mg/kg |
Serratia marcescens OPDB3–6-1 |
1.9 mM | 167.6 (15 d incubation) |
Organic P in growth media | Production of alkaline matter pH increase (7.0->8.5) |
Precipitation Biosorption Pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) |
Zhu et al., 2019 |
| China: Soybean rhizosphere |
Enterobacter sp. | 4.8 mM Pb [1000mg/L] added to culture after 3 days incubation |
~160 (3 d incubation) | Organic P in growth media and biochar | Production of alkaline matter pH increase (7.2-->8.7) |
Precipitation: Pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl), cerussite Biosorption (biochar) |
Chen et al., 2019 |
| China: Heavy metal waste collection & distribution center soil Pb, 137.3 mg/kg (site L1) Pb, 323.7 mg/kg (site F2) |
Leclercia adecarboxylata L1–5 Pseudomonas putida F2–1 |
8 mM Pb(NO3)2 8 mM Pb(NO3)2 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) > 1mM |
218 and ~18, respectively (7 d incubation) | Ca3(PO4)2 liquid medium |
Production of organic acid (Acetate, Malonate) and acid phosphatase pH decrease (6.7->2.8) |
Precipitation:HydroxylpyromorphitePb10(PO4)6(OH)2 and Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3ClBiosorption (cell wall) • Hydroxyl • Amide • Carboxyl • Phosphate |
Teng et al., 2019 |
| The Netherlands: Canal water* U.S.A.: Human skin‡ |
Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090† Staphylococcus aureus K4‡ |
1 mM Pb(NO3)2 7 mM Pb(NO3)2 |
ND | ND | ND | ND |
Levinson and Mahler, 1998 Levinson et al., 1996 Werkman and Gillen, 1932 |
| China: Fertilizer plant soil |
Bacillus megaterium | 100–500 mg/L Pb2+ add to log phase cells | ND | Organic P in growth medium | ND | Precipitation/biosorption Pb phosphate Pb3(PO4)2 (Pb5(PO4)3OH intermediate) |
Zhang et al., 2019 |
| India: battery manufacturing industry waste |
Achromobacter xylosoxidans SJ11 | Maximum Tolerance Concentration (MTC): 4 mM Pb(NO3)2 | ND | Organic P in growth medium | 160% increase in phosphatase activity; CheZ & CheA up-regulated |
Precipitation: Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl Extracellular accumulation |
Sharma et al., 2018 |
| China: Heavy metal contaminated site (Pb/Zn smelting) Pb, 127 mg/kg Zn, 379 mg/kg Cu, 93.1 mg/kg Ni, 54.6 mg/kg Co, 26.2 mg/kg Mn, 1095 mg/kg Cr, 133 mg/kg V, 206 mg/kg Hg, 0.15 mg/kg As, 16.2 mg/kg Cd, 3.08 mg/kg |
PSB Consortium: Enterobacter spp., 92.65% Bacillus spp., 4.90% Lactococcus spp., 1.65% |
500 mg/kg Pb(NO3)2 400 mg/kg CdCl2 MTC < 500 mg Pb/L |
429.5 | Ca3(PO4)2 in growth medium |
ND | Precipitation Biosorption Intracellular accumulation |
Yuan et al., 2017a; Yuan et al., 2017b |
| Australia: Pb and Zn smelter site soil Pb, 619 mg/kg |
Enterobacter sp. | MIC = 2.23 mM Pb(NO3)2 | 200.3 after 14 d | Rock phosphate added into growth medium | Production of organic acids pH decrease (7->3.8) Increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities |
Precipitation Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl Biosorption |
Park et al., 2011a; Park et al., 2011b |
| Spain: decayed wood |
Penicillium chrysogenum | MIC = 8 mM Pb(NO3)2 | ND | Organic P in growth medium | ND | Precipitation/bio-sorption Biotic: Pb phosphate Pb3(PO4)2 Abiotic: Pb oxide (Pb3O4, PbO) Hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 Cerussite PbCO3 |
Povedano-Priego et al., 2017 |
| China: Root of Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance, collected from Pb/Zn mine tailings (Pantoea ananatis) |
Pantoea ananatis HCR2 Bacillus thuringiensis GL-1 |
3–5 mM Pb | 99.6 and 139.1 After 6–8 d |
phosphate rock added into growth medium | Organic acids Strain HCR2: gluconate, citrate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate Strain GL-1: gluconate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate pH decrease (6.7->2.8) |
Precipitation Strain GL-1: Pb5(PO4)3Cl, Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2, PbAl3PO4SO4(OH)6, Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 Strain HCR2: Pb5(PO4)3Cl, Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
Xu et al., 2019 |
| China: phosphate mining wasteland. |
Citrobacter farmer CFI-01 in Pikovskaya's liquid medium |
ND, at a minimum 100 mg Pb/L | 351.5 mg/L after 5 d |
Calcium phosphate | pH reduced from 7.0 to 4.9 | Precipitation (Pb5(PO4)3OH) (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) |
Li et al., 2022 |