Table 4.

Summary results of selected studies on immobilization of lead by microbial induced carbonate precipitation.

Source	Microorganism (Phylum)	Metal Tolerance	Precipitate	Immobilization Efficacy	Reference
	Bacteria
United Kingdom: Culture collection	Sporosarcina pasteurii (Firmicutes)	PbCl2, 1.0 mM ZnCl2, 0.5 mM CuCl2, 0.5 mM CdSO4, 0.06 mM	PbCO3 CaCO3 Biotic/Abiotic ~pH9.0		(Mugwar and Harbottle, 2016)
USA: Culture collection	Sporosarcina pasterii (ATCC 6452)	Pb(NO3)2, 10–40 mM	(PbCl)2CO3 PbCl(OH) PbCO3 Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 CaCO3 PbCl2 (Abiotic)		(Jiang et al., 2019)
South Korea: Culture collection	Sporosarcina pasterii (KCTC 3558)	Pb(CH3COO2), 0.01–1 mM CuCl2, 0.01–1 mM ZnCl2, 0.01–1 mM Cd(C2H3O2)2, 0.01–1 mM SrCl2, 1–30 mM	PbCO3 (Cerussite) CaCO3 (Aragonite, Calcite, Vaterite) pH >9.0 ZnCO3 pH >8.5 CdCO3 pH >9.0 (Sr,Ca)CO3 pH>9.0	>99% Pb 30% Zn 60% Cu 43.2–60% Cd >99% Sr	(Kim et al., 2021)
Germany: Culture collection	Sporosarcina pasteurii (DSM 33)	Pb, 342 mg kg−1 Zn, 235 mg kg−1 Cd, 6.8 mg kg−1	PbCO3 CaCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3		(Liu et al., 2021)
USA: Culture collection	Sporosarcina pasterii (ATCC 11859)	Pb(NO3)2, 25 mg/L CdCl2, 5.6 mg/L	Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 (Hydrocerussite) PbCO3 CdCO3 CaCO3 (Calcite)		(Zeng et al., 2021)
China: Culture collection	Sporosarcina pasterii	PbCl2, 10–50 mM		~100% Pb	(Xue et al., 2022)
China & USA: Culture collection & garden soil	Sporosarcina pasteurii ATCC 11859 Sporosarcina globispora UR53 Sporosarcina Koreensis UR47 Sporosarcina sp. R-31323 (UR31) Terrabacter tumescens AS.1.2690 (Actinobacteria) Bacillus lentus UR41 (Firmicutes)	PbCl2, 2 mg ml−1 NiCl2, 2 mg ml−1 CuCl2, 2 mg ml−1 CoCl2, 2 mg ml−1 ZnCl2, 2 mg ml−1 CdCl2, 2 mg ml−1	PbCO3 NiCO3 CuCO3 CoCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 pH 8–9	100% Pb 88% Ni 91% Cu 91% Co 95% Zn 97% Cd	(Li et al., 2013)
South Korea: Abandoned mine soil	(Firmicutes) Sporosarcina soli B-22 Viridibacillus arenosi B-21 Lysinibacillus sphaericus KJ-64 Sporsacina pasteurii WJ-2 (Proteobacteria, Gamma-) Enterobacter cloacae KJ-46	PbCl2, 3000 mg L−1 CoCl2, 300–3000 mg L−1 CoSO4, 300–3000 mg L−1 CuSO4, 300–3000 mg L−1 CuCl2, 300–1000 mg L−1 FeCl3, 3000–1000 mg L−1 FeSO4, 300–3000 mg L−1 CdCl2, 300–3000 mg L−1 BaCl2, 2000–3000 mg L−1 SrCl2, 3000 mg L−1 ZnSO4, 300–3000 mg L−1	PbCO3 CaCO3 C4CuO4 Zn(OH)2		(Kang and So, 2016)
Mexico: Mine tailings (mg/kg) As, 1140–11,800 Pb, 10100–43,700 Zn, 780–10,000 Cd, 8–780 Cu, 72–1320 Fe, 6000–12,300	Sporosarcina luteola (UB3 & UB5)	AsV, CrVI, Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Rb+ Sb3+; 25–50 mM Mn2+, AsIII, Cu2+, Ni2+, Ba2+; 5–10mM Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Te4+, Ag+; <1mM	PbCO3 (Cerussite) CaCO3 (Calcite, Vaterite) MnCO3 (rhodochrosite) Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 (hydromagnesite) CdCO3 (otavite) SrCO3 (strontianite) BaCO3 (witherite) Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 (hydrozincite) pH 8.7–9.0		(Cuaxinque-Flores et al., 2020)
USA: Mine discharge sediment ~102 mg/L As ~101 Cd ~103 Cu ~103 Zn	Consortium Sporosarcina spp., 95% Acidovorax spp., 3% (Proteobacteria, -Beta)	Pb2+, ~103-104 mg L−1	Precipitation (not identified) pH>8.0		(Proudfoot et al., 2022)
China: Culture collection	Terrabacter tumescens A12 (Actinobacteria)	PbCl2, 2 mg ml−1 NiCl2, 2 mg ml−1 CuCl2, 2 mg ml−1 CoCl2, 2 mg ml−1 ZnCl2, 2 mg ml−1 CdCl2, 2 mg ml−1	PbCO3 CaCO3 NiCO3 CuCO3 CoCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 pH 9.0	99% Pb 90% Ni 90% Cu 91% Co 97% Zn 99% Cd 99% Ca	(Li et al., 2016a)
China: Electronic waste	Lysinibacillus sp. (GY-3)	PbCl2, 20–1000 ppm PbCl2, 20–200 ppm CuCl2, 20–100	Precipitation (not identified)	87.5–100% Pb 80.6–98.7% Cu	(Li et al., 2021)
China: Mining area soil	Kocuria flava CR1 (Actinobacteria)	Pb(NO3)2, 50 mM Pb, 100 mg kg−1	PbCO3 CaCO3 (Calcite, Vatarite)	83.4% Pb	(Achal et al., 2012)
South Korea: Pb contaminated mine tailings soil Pb, 1050 mg/kg Zn, 431 mg/kg Cu, 93 mg/kg As, 65 mg/kg	Bacillus sp. KK1	Pb(NO3)2, 300 mg/L ZnCl2, 150 mg/L CuCl2, 650 mg/L As, 150 mg/L (Mine tailing soil)	PbCO3 PbSiO3 (Alamosite) PbS		(Govarthanan et al., 2013)
China: Lake water	Exiguobacterium sp. (JBHLT-3; Firmicutes)	PbCl2, 1mM	PbCO3 CaCO3 (Calcite, Vaterite (saltwater)	89% Pb	(Bai et al., 2021)
South Korea: Abandoned metal mine soil	Enterobacter cloacae KJ-47 & KJ-46	100 Mm PbCl2 (MIC)	PbCO3	60% Pb	(Kang et al., 2015)
Japan: Soil near beachrock	Pararhodobacter sp. (Proteobacteria, -Alpha)	PbCl2, 1036 mg L−1	PbCO3 CaCO3 (Calcite & Vaterite) Biotic/Abiotic pH 8.8	100% PB	(Mwandira et al., 2017)
Egypt: Soil	Micrococcus sp. NCTC-1716 or WD-9 (Actinobacteria)	Pb(NO3)2, 5 mM CdSO4, 2mM ZnCl2, 3 mM FeSO4, 3 mM	PbCO3 CaCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 FeCO3 pH 9	61% Cd 97% Pb 75% Zn 88% Fe	(Gomaa, 2019)
China: Heavy metal contaminated soil from industrial area	Staphylococcus epidermis HJ2 (Firmicutes)	PbCl2, 50 mg l−1 K2Cr2O7, 50 mg l−1	PbCO3 CaCO3 pH >9.0	86% Pb 76.8% Cr	(He et al., 2019)
Egypt: Culture collection	Proteus mirabilis (10B)	Pb, 350 ppm Hg, 350 ppm	PbCO3 Pb2O CaPbO3 Hg2O (Aerobic/Anaerobic) pH 8.4	95.2% Pb 92% Hg 98.4% Ca	(Eltarahony et al., 2020)
	Bacteria & Eukaryota
Nigeria: Coal mine drainage	Proteobacteria (51%) Bacteroidetes (19%) Ascomycota (61%) Ciliophora (13%)	Pb, 326 mg L−1 Cd, 95.0 As, 307.6 Ni, 28.8 Co, 27.3 acid mine drainage	Heavy metal carbonate precipitates pH >8.2	94.8% Pb 96.3% Cd 88.9% As 90.6% Ni 27.3% Co	(Oyetibo et al., 2021)
Egypt: Culture collection	Metschnikowia pulcherrima (29A) Raoultella planticola (VIP; Proteobacteria, Gamma-) Alcaligenes faecalis (46N) Bacillus aryabhattai (39A) Ochrobactrum sp. (CNE2) Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus (EM3)	VIP & 29A: Pb(CH3COO)2 & HgCl2, 700 ppm 39A, 46N, EM3, CNE2: inhibited by Pb(CH3COO)2 & HgCl2, 175 ppm	CaPbO3 PbCO3 (Cerussite) CaHgO2 HgO	100% Pb 100% Hg >95% Ca	(Eltarahony et al., 2021)
	Eukaryota
Australia: Karstic cave	Aspergillus sp. (UF3) Fusarium oxysporum (UF8)	PbNO3, 10–100 mM SrCl2, 10–100 mM	PbCO3 Pb2OCO3 CaCO3 (Aragonite, Vaterite, Calcite) SrCO3		(Dhami et al., 2017)
China: Contaminated cement sludge Pb, 366 mg/kg Cr, 91.4 mg/kg	Penicillium chrysogenum (CS1)	Pb(CH3COO)2, 400 mg l−1 K2Cr2O7, 100 mg l−1	Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 (Hydrocerussite) CaCO3 (Calcite & Vaterite) Calcium chromium oxide carbonate pH 9.22 & 8.47	98% Pb 39–65% Cr	(Qian et al., 2017)