Table 2.
Joint analysis of type 2 diabetes in relation to different combinations of smoking-related metabolic signature and genetic susceptibility in UK Biobank
| Genetic risk scores | Levels of metabolic signature | Cases | HR (95% CI) | RERI (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRS-IR | ||||
| Low | low | 111 | Reference | |
| Intermediate | low | 363 | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | |
| High | low | 125 | 1.22 (0.95–1.58) | |
| Low | high | 172 | 1.48 (1.16–1.88) | |
| Intermediate | high | 609 | 1.79 (1.46–2.19) | 0.25 (-0.06, 0.57) |
| High | high | 226 | 2.18 (1.74–2.75) | 0.47 (0.02, 0.92) |
| GRS-T2D | ||||
| Low | low | 79 | Reference | |
| Intermediate | low | 316 | 1.31 (1.02–1.67) | |
| High | low | 138 | 1.82 (1.38–2.40) | |
| Low | high | 129 | 1.52 (1.14–2.01) | |
| Intermediate | high | 509 | 2.12 (1.67–2.69) | 0.31 (-0.08, 0.69) |
| High | high | 241 | 3.18 (2.46–4.12) | 0.81 (0.23, 1.38) |
GRS_IR: genetic risk score for insulin resistance; GRS_T2D: genetic risk score for type 2 diabetes; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; RERI: relative excess risk due to interaction (additive)
Cox models were fitted with attained age as the time scale, with adjustment for age groups (through stratification), sex (through stratification). genetic batch, the first 10 genetic principal components, assessment center, education, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, and consumption of vegetable oil, oily fish, non-oily fish, coffee, tea, fruits, vegetable, unprocessed meat, processed meat, sugar or foods/drinks containing sugar, whole grain, refined grain