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The interaction between T-cells, dendritic cells and cancer cells is shown, with the role of the pathways programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–programmed death-1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)–B7/CD28 binding as negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Pharmacological agents that alter these interactions (see boxes) enhance the T-cell driven anti-tumour response. Reproduced and modified from [29] with permission.
