Table 3.
Meta-analysis (pre-clinical studies: WBV vs non-WBV)
| Variables | No. | SMD | 95% CI | P E-value | I2 | P H-value | Model | Egger p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | Overall | 21 | -0.52 | -1.21, 0.18 | 0.144 | 80.9 | < 0.001 | R | 0.311 | |
| Country | Asian | 14 | -0.38 | -1.45, 0.69 | 0.489 | 85.4 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Non-Asian | 7 | -0.71 | -1.41, -0.01 | 0.048 | 60.0 | 0.020 | R | |||
| Participants | Healthy | 9 | 0.16 | -0.88, 1.20 | 0.763 | 82.2 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Diseases | 12 | -1.03 | -1.93, -0.13 | 0.024 | 77.8 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| WBV frequency | < 20 Hz | 5 | -2.10 | -4.90, 0.71 | 0.142 | 91.3 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| ≥ 20 Hz | 15 | -0.27 | -0.80, 0.25 | 0.304 | 57.4 | 0.003 | R | |||
| Other | 1 | 1.52 | 0.39, 2.65 | 0.008 | - | - | R | |||
| Duration | ≤ 1 week | 1 | 0.56 | -0.60, 1.72 | 0.343 | - | - | R | ||
| > 1 week | 20 | -0.58 | -1.31, 0.15 | 0.118 | 81.5 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Sample source | Tissue | 12 | -0.82 | -2.04, 0.41 | 0.192 | 84.7 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Blood | 9 | -0.15 | -0.84, 0.53 | 0.662 | 69.0 | 0.001 | R | |||
| Assay method | PCR | 6 | -0.71 | -2.46, 1.04 | 0.425 | 87.9 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Other | 15 | -0.43 | -1.17, 0.31 | 0.253 | 77.3 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| IL-1β | Overall | 20 | -2.20 | -3.24, -1.15 | < 0.001 | 90.0 | < 0.001 | R | < 0.001 | |
| Country | Asian | 10 | -4.40 | -5.32, -3.47 | < 0.001 | 47.5 | 0.047 | F | ||
| Non-Asian | 10 | -0.13 | -0.97, 0.72 | 0.770 | 80.2 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Participants | Healthy | 5 | 0.80 | -0.16, 1.77 | 0.103 | 70.6 | 0.009 | R | ||
| Diseases | 15 | -3.33 | -4.54, -2.12 | < 0.001 | 87.2 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| WBV frequency | < 20 Hz | 4 | -4.87 | -5.90, -3.83 | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.494 | F | ||
| ≥ 20 Hz | 16 | -1.47 | -2.49, -0.46 | 0.005 | 88.1 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Duration | ≤ 1 week | 3 | -0.21 | -1.17, 0.75 | 0.673 | 59.3 | 0.086 | R | ||
| > 1 week | 17 | -2.63 | -3.92, -1.33 | < 0.001 | 90.7 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Sample source | Tissue | 16 | -2.55 | -3.85, -1.25 | < 0.001 | 90.5 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Blood | 4 | -0.99 | -2.65, 0.67 | 0.242 | 86.6 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Assay method | PCR | 9 | -2.02 | -3.88, -0.16 | 0.033 | 91.9 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Other | 11 | -2.39 | -3.70, -1.08 | < 0.001 | 89.0 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| IL-10 | Overall | 11 | 0.11 | -0.70, 0.92 | 0.788 | 78.0 | < 0.001 | R | 0.940 | |
| Country | Asian | 6 | -0.31 | -1.86, 1.24 | 0.695 | 83.5 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Non-Asian | 5 | 0.45 | -0.44, 1.33 | 0.323 | 72.3 | 0.006 | R | |||
| Participants | Healthy | 2 | 0.52 | -0.12, 1.16 | 0.114 | 0.0 | 0.915 | F | ||
| Diseases | 9 | -0.00 | -1.07, 1.07 | 0.999 | 81.5 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Duration | ≤ 1 week | 2 | -2.06 | -5.19, 1.08 | 0.199 | 88.1 | 0.004 | R | ||
| > 1 week | 9 | 0.52 | -0.24, 1.28 | 0.179 | 68.2 | 0.001 | R | |||
| Sample source | Tissue | 3 | 0.40 | -1.06, 1.86 | 0.595 | 65.5 | 0.055 | R | ||
| Blood | 8 | -0.02 | -1.05, 1.01 | 0.970 | 82.0 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| TNF-α | Overall | 20 | -0.82 | -1.68, 0.04 | 0.061 | 86.4 | < 0.001 | R | 0.646 | |
| Country | Asian | 13 | -0.66 | -1.93, 0.62 | 0.310 | 89.7 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Non-Asian | 7 | -0.94 | -1.93, 0.05 | 0.063 | 74.1 | 0.001 | R | |||
| Participants | Healthy | 6 | 0.12 | -0.58, 0.83 | 0.720 | 44.2 | 0.111 | F | ||
| Diseases | 14 | -1.36 | -2.54, -0.17 | 0.025 | 88.8 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| WBV frequency | < 20 Hz | 2 | -1.56 | -3.53, 0.41 | 0.121 | 74.5 | 0.047 | R | ||
| ≥ 20 Hz | 17 | -0.76 | -1.78, 0.26 | 0.144 | 87.9 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Other | 1 | 0.00 | -0.98, 0.98 | 1.000 | - | - | R | |||
| Duration | ≤ 1 week | 4 | -1.42 | -4.15, 1.32 | 0.310 | 93.9 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| > 1 week | 16 | -0.68 | -1.55, 0.19 | 0.126 | 82.9 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Sample source | Tissue | 13 | -1.09 | -2.28, 0.10 | 0.073 | 87.5 | < 0.001 | R | ||
| Blood | 7 | -0.27 | -1.34, 0.80 | 0.622 | 79.8 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| Assay method | PCR | 7 | -0.61 | -1.38, 0.15 | 0.118 | 61.9 | 0.015 | R | ||
| Other | 13 | -0.84 | -2.19, 0.52 | 0.227 | 90.2 | < 0.001 | R | |||
| IFN-γ | Overall | 3 | -1.91 | -2.71, -1.12 | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.968 | F | 0.786 | |
| IL-4 | Overall | 3 | -0.71 | -1.39, -0.03 | 0.040 | 34.2 | 0.219 | F | 0.982 | |
| IL-17 | Overall | 3 | -1.32 | -2.05, -0.59 | < 0.001 | 33.9 | 0.220 | F | 0.250 | |
| MCP-1 | Overall | 2 | -0.97 | -11.74, 9.81 | 0.861 | 97.4 | < 0.001 | R | - | |
IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval; F, fixed-effects; R, random-effects; PH-value, significance for heterogeneity; PE-value, significance for effects.