Table 3.
Summary of well documented side effects associated with ASTs (especially PPIs) in adults and children
| Side effects reported in adults | Side effects reported in children |
|---|---|
| Nutritional deficiencies | Alteration of microbiome |
| PPI-induced hypomagnesemia | Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) |
| Iron deficiency anemia | Serious infections |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | Asthma |
| Gastroenterological side effects | Fractures |
| Dysbiosis | Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) |
| Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | |
| Bacterial peritonitis | |
| Fundic gland polyps | |
| Microscopic colitis | |
| Renal side effects | |
| Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) | |
| Acute kidney injury (AKI) | |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | |
| End-stage renal disease (ESRD) | |
| Cardiovascular complications | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |
| Ischemic stroke | |
| Heart failure | |
| Myocardial infarction | |
| Side effects related to bone and joints | |
| Increased propensity of fractures | |
| Functional decline | |
| Prosthetic joint infection | |
| Bone loss |