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. 2024 Feb 27;3(2):pgae044. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae044

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Fig. 1. — Time-resolved evaluation of indoor atmospheric NCA formation and transformation during propane gas cooking via high-resolution online nanoparticle measurements—first row: propane-gas-cooking-emitted NCA number size distributions (dN/dlogD_p); second row: size-integrated (1.18–3 nm) propane-gas-cooking-emitted NCA number concentrations (N_NCA); third row: Conventional indoor air pollution markers: PM_2.5 mass concentrations and NO + NO₂ mixing ratios; fourth row: carbon-mass-based (1.18–3 nm) propane-gas-cooking-emitted NCA emission factors (E_NCA) and the aerosol Fuchs surface area (A_Fuchs); fifth row: coagulation sink, coagulation source, and the net difference between the coagulation sink and coagulation source; and sixth row: cumulative adult respiratory-tract-deposited doses (D_NCA) during the propane-gas-cooking measurements in the Purdue zEDGE test house. Left: A, C, E, G, I, K): composite median of small/moderate indoor CoagSnk cases (boiling water). Right: B, D, F, H, J, L): composite median of large indoor CoagSnk cases (cooking grilled cheese; composite median for cooking buttermilk pancakes is shown in the Supplementary material, Fig. S9). The coagulation sink presented in I) and J) represents the median of the size-resolved coagulation sink values in the NCA size fraction. For X = Src in I) and J), the coagulation source values are computed as the median of CoagSrc_dp/N_dp over the NCA size fraction.