. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Mater. 2023 Jul 26;8(12):783–798. doi: 10.1038/s41578-023-00581-x

Table 1 |.

Most relevant preclinical and clinical nanotheranostics.

Imaging modality	Therapeutic modality	Imaging agent	Therapeutic agent	Stage	Ref.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	nanomedicine	Gd³⁺, Mn²⁺, IONP	small molecule	pre-Clinical	^14–16
	thermal ablation	IONP	IONP (magnetic) PTA (photothermal)	pre-Clinical & Clinical	^{12–14, 59, 60, 67}
	radiation therapy	Gd³⁺, Gd₂O₃, IONP	Au, Bi, Gd-complexes	pre-Clinical &Clinical	^{17, 18, 74, 78}
	Image-guided cell therapies	IONP (intracellular)	cellular therapies	Clinical	^{69, 70}
Nuclear Imaging	‘companion’ nanoparticle	⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁹Zr, … (PET imaging)	nanomedicine	pre-Clinical &Clinical	^{51, 107, 129}
	radiation therapy	⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁹Zr, … (PET imaging)	¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁰Y, ^186/188Re	pre-Clinical	^{50, 109}
	CRIT	⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁹Zr, … (PET imaging)	porphyrins, chlorins	pre-Clinical	^{21, 23–25}
Optical Imaging	photodynamic therapy	Cy5.5, Cy7; PLNP	porphyrins, chlorins, nanomedicine	pre-Clinical	^30–33
	image-guided surgery	Cy5.5, Cy7; PLNP; DCNP	surgery	pre-Clinical &Clinical	^{26, 80}
	nanomedicine	endogenous, AuNP, CNT	small/macro-molecules	pre-Clinical	^{82, 85}
Ultrasound	enhanced delivery	vesicles	small/macro-molecules, nanomedicine	pre-Clinical	^41–44
Ultrasound	triggered drug release	vesicles	drug-loaded vesicles	pre-Clinical &Clinical	^{37, 38, 40}

HIFU: high-intensity focused ultrasound; CRIT: Cerenkov radiation-induced therapy; IONP: iron oxide nanoparticle; PET: positron emission tomography; PLNP: persistent luminescence nanoparticle; DCNP: down-conversion nanoparticle; NP: nanoparticle; CNT: carbon nanotube; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; AuNP: Gold nanoparticle; PTA: photothermal ablation.