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Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein in saliva and untreated wastewater. A) Sensor operation. B, C) The response of SpyDirect‐based OECT sensors (nanobody is VHH72) to random concentrations of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein in raw saliva and untreated wastewater. D) Background response of SpyDirect‐ and HDT SAM‐based sensors (nanobody is VHH72) to human saliva, UTM, and untreated wastewater. GFP nanobody‐functionalized gate electrodes were used as a control.
