Table 1.

Morphological and ecological characteristics of tested species

The gray sections show the species that were not included in the exposure experiments because of: (i) a low number of collected individuals, (ii) low survival in the laboratory or (iii) a low number of individuals feeding during the oral experiment. The number of individuals included in the oral experiment is the number of individuals able to feed from the cuvette. N = Number of individuals collected from the field. P = Pollen generalist (i.e., species foraging on pollen from more than one plant family). O = Pollen specialist (i.e., species foraging on pollen from one plant family only). PS = primitively social. S = solitary (Michez et al. 2019)

^aSpecies tested in Nicot cages with syringe-feeders. Other species were tested following our new protocol (Fig. 1)