Fig. 7.

The process of cancer vaccine development. The preparation of cancer vaccines is a meticulous process involving multiple steps, aimed at developing vaccines that can stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. This process begins with the selection and identification of specific tumor antigens, followed by the design of the vaccine, which may include peptides, recombinant proteins, genetic vectors, or dendritic cells. Subsequently, the vaccine undergoes immunological testing in vitro and is evaluated for its safety and efficacy in animal models. After successfully passing preclinical research, the vaccine proceeds to human clinical trials, including Phase I, II, and III trials, to assess its safety, immunogenicity, and therapeutic effectiveness. This figure was created with Biorender.com