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. 2024 Mar 22;14(7):3068–3085. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.025

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Rhamnose promotes phagocytosis of human macrophages. (A, B) Phagocytosis and percentage of killing of E. coli by human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from healthy volunteers in control (CTRL) and rhamnose (Rha) groups (n = 5/group). (C, D) Phagocytosis and percentage of killing of E. coli by human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from sepsis patients in control (CTRL) and rhamnose (Rha) groups (n = 6/group). (E) A schematic diagram depicting gut microbiota derived rhamnose promoted bacterial phagocytosis by activating Cdc42 and Rac1 in macrophages. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Two groups were determined by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test. ∗P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. n: indicates number of samples.