Table 5.

Summary of biological activities of perilla seeds.

Variety	Type of extract	Bioactive compound identified	Model	Major findings	Reference
Antioxidant
P. frutescens	Dichlorometane, Ethyl acetate	Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid-3-Oglucoside, and rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucosid	Sprague–Dawley rats	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	[35,38]
Anti-diabetic
P. frutescens (L.) Britton var	Ethyl acetate soluble fraction of methanol extract	Chlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid	Type 2 diabetes mice model	Influence insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, modulation of the AMPK pathway and inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver	[41,42,43]
Anti-Obesity
P. frutescens	Cold-pressed Perilla oil	α-linolenic acid (ALA)	C57BL/6 N mice	Promoted the removal of cholesterol from hepatocytes (liver cells) by converting it into bile acids and increasing fecal cholesterol excretion, promoting autophagy to remove excess lipids in the liver	[44,45]
Cardioprotective
P. frutescens	Seed oil	ALA	Male New Zealand white rabbits and Sprague-Dawley rats, Wister rats	Lipid accumulation in the thoracic aorta and liver, delaying arterial occlusion, increased serum level of n-3 fatty acid, reduce both cholesterol and triglyceride levels, modulates neuropeptides that control appetite,	[9,46]
Anti-cancer
P. frutescens	ethanolic extract	omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids	A549 cells MCF7 B16F10 melanoma cells	Antiproliferative activity, reduce the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, collagenase inhibitory effects and an anti-melanogenic effect, anti-inflammatory effects	[8,[47], [48], [49]]
Antimicrobial
P. frutescens Britton var. japonica Hara	Ethyl acetate seed extracts	–	–	combats oral bacteria associated with dental caries (cavities) and periodontal diseases, reduce staphylococcal enterotoxins, TSST-1	[50,51]
Neuroprotective
P. frutescens	Alcoholic extract	Luteolin	Rat SH-SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma cells	Improvements in their learning ability and memory, prevent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia disorders. prevent hyperphosphorylation of tau protein.	[52,53]
Anti-inflammatory
P. frutescens	Seed oil	ALA, Rosmarinic acid and luteolin	Wistar rats	Anti-tussive (cough-suppressing), expectorant (mucus-clearing), and anti-inflammatory effects, suppresses inflammatory markers	[8,54,55]