| Carboxylation |
Kappa-carrageenan |
• Increased viscosity
in water and decreased viscosity in synthetic human sweat |
(196) |
| • Higher viability
and lower cytotoxicity for human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) |
| • No hemolytic
activity
in human red blood cells (RBC) |
| • Increased antioxidant
activity |
| • Antibacterial activity |
| Chitosan |
• Enhanced water
solubility at various pH |
(85) |
| •
Support cell growth
and tissue regeneration |
| • Improved bioactivity,
including antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, and antifungal |
| Mutan |
• Higher thermal
stability |
(231) |
| • Enhanced solubility |
| • Antioxidative,
radical-scavenging activity |
| Sulfation |
Alginate |
• Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
and anti-immunogenic properties |
(169) |
| •
Free radical–scavenging
properties |
| Chitosan |
• Antimicrobial activity |
(190) |
| • Higher solubility |
| • Less
chain depolymerization |
| • Higher yield |
| • Greater thermal
stability |
| Polysaccharide
isolated from Gracilaria caudate (a marine alga) |
• Reduced hypernociception
and edema |
(232) |
| • Reduced inflammatory
response |
| • Great option for
treating arthritis |
| Polysaccharide
isolated from Myriophyllum spicatum L. |
• Immunostimulatory
effect |
(233) |
| • Heterogeneous
molecular
weight |
| • Activated macrophages |
| Acetylation |
Cellulose |
• Enhanced crystallinity,
up to 70% |
(190, 234) |
| • Enhanced hydrophobicity |
| • Dispersible
in
water and other organic solvents |
| Chitosan |
• Higher solubility |
(235) |
| • Lower molecular
weight |
| • Random distribution
of functional groups |
| Phosphorylation |
Polysaccharide isolated
from Ulva pertusa
|
• Enhanced antioxidant
and antihyperlipidemic properties |
(210) |
| Chitosan |
• Improved osteoinduction |
(213) |
| Polysaccharides extracted
from Pleurotus ostreatus
|
• Enhanced hepatoprotective
effect |
(236) |
| Chitosan |
• Improved osteoinduction |
(213) |
| • Large pore sizes
(850–1097 μm), microroughness and thickness |
| • Low level
of thrombogenicity |
| • Long degradation
time |
| •
Low cytotoxicity |
| Polysaccharide isolated
from native ginseng |
• Enhanced radical-scavenging
ability (antioxidant activity) |
(209) |
| Polysaccharide
isolated
from pumpkin |
•
Enhanced antioxidant
activity, scavenging ability to hydroxyl radicals |
(208) |
| Polysaccharide
isolated from garlic |
• Enhanced antioxidant
activity |
(207) |
| • Scavenging
hydroxyl
radicals and superoxide anions |
| Radix Cyathula officinalis Polysaccharide |
•
Improved immune-enhancing
activity |
(237) |
| • Increased
secretion
of cytokines |
| • Immune-adjuvant
activity |
| Selenylation |
Polysaccharide
isolated from Momordica charantia L. |
• Antidiabetic properties:
reduced fasting blood glucose levels and enhanced insulin levels |
(238) |
| • Improved antioxidant
enzyme activities |
| • Preventing liver,
kidney, and pancreatic islet damage in diabetic mice |
|
Chinese angelica polysaccharide |
•
Enhanced immune-enhancing
activity |
(222, 223) |
|
Chuanminshen violaceum Polysaccharide |
•
Enhanced immune-enhancing
activity |
(239) |
|
Artemisia sphaerocephala Polysaccharide |
•
Immunomodulatory
effect |
(240) |
| Polysaccharide isolated
from Ulmus pumila L. |
• Improved anti-inflammatory
activity |
(241) |
| Polysaccharide
isolated from Ulmus pumila L. |
• Significantly enhanced
antioxidant activity |
(225) |
| •
Hydroxyl radical–scavenging
activity |
| Mycelial PSA
from Catathelasma ventricosum
|
• Enhanced antidiabetic
activity by increasing selenium content |
(242) |
| • Damaged triple-helical
structure |
| Cellulose |
•
Controllable morphology
and crystal structure |
(229) |
| Pectin |
• High stability |
(227) |
| • Long release time |
| • Good
mechanical
characteristics |
| Pectin |
• Controllable degradation
profile |
(228) |
| • Random coil
conformation |
