Table 5.
Summary of the association between human milk composition and maternal age.
| Paper | Feeding type | HM measured time-point | HM component | Maternal age measure time-point | Reported associations and correlations | Confounders adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chan et al. (12) | EBF for 3–4 months | 3 months | Adiponectin (ng mL−1) | 3 months | No significant correlation observed | Maternal BMI, pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, mode of infant feeding (exclusively or partially breastfed without formula at 3 months postpartum) |
| Leptin (ng mL−1) | Concentrations were lower in older women (p = 0.05) | |||||
| Insulin (ng mL−1) | No significant correlation observed | |||||
| Pundir et al. (28) | EBF for 3+ months | 3 months | Cortisol (ng/mL) | 3 months | No significant effect observed | Maternal BMI, education, occupational class, family income, family structure, seasonal variation, maternal distress, pregnancy duration, delivery and gestational diabetes |
| Zielinkska-Pukos et al. (41) | EBF for 3+ months | 1, 3 and 6 months | Cortisol (ng/mL) | 1, 3 and 6 months | No significant correlation observed | None |
Where confounders were adjusted, data reported is from adjusted analysis. Significant results are depicted with the p value in bold. HM, human milk; EBF, exclusive breastfeeding; BMI, body mass index.