Table 6.
Summary of the association between human milk composition and maternal diabetes.
| Paper | Feeding type | HM measured time-point | HM component | Maternal diabetes measure time-point | Reported associations and correlations | Confounders adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choi et al. (13) | EBF for 3+ months | 1 and 3 months | Adiponectin (ng mL−1) | 1 and 3 months | No association observed | Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and breast feeding status (full, partial or none at 3 months) |
| Leptin (ng mL−1) | No association observed | |||||
| Insulin (ng mL−1) | Significant difference found (p = 0.03 and p = 0.003), lower levels of insulin in GDM | |||||
| Pundir et al. (28) | EBF for 3+ months | 3 months | Cortisol (ng/mL) | 3 months | No significant association found | Maternal BMI, education, occupational class, family income, family structure, seasonal variation, maternal distress, pregnancy duration, delivery and gestational diabetes |
| Rodel et al. (29) | EBF but duration not stated | 2 weeks | Insulin (ng/mL) | 2 weeks | Significant difference found (p < 0.001), levels 2 times higher in T2DM compared to GDM & NGT | None |
| Yu et al. (39) | EBF for 3+ months | Colostrum – 72 h after birth, Mature – 1 (42 days) and 3 months (90 days) | Adiponectin (ng/mL) | Colostrum – 72 h after birth, Mature – 1 (42 days) and 3 months (90 days) | Significant, negative correlation with GDM (pcolostrum < 0.001; pmature = 0.009) | None |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | No significant association found (p > 0.05) | |||||
| Insulin (ng/mL) | Significant, positive concentration (pcolostrum = 0.047; pmature = 0.02) | |||||
| Ghrelin (ng/mL) | Significant, negative correlation with GDM (pcolostrum = 0.011; pmature < 0.001) |
Where confounders were adjusted, data reported is from adjusted analysis. Significant results are depicted with the p value in bold. HM, human milk; EBF, exclusive breastfeeding; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index.