. 2024 Jul 3;11:1390232. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390232

Table 7.

Summary of the association between human milk composition and maternal smoking.

Paper	Feeding type	HM measured time-point	HM component	Maternal smoking measure time-point	Reported associations and correlations	Confounders adjusted
Chan et al. (12)	EBF for 3–4 months	3 months	Adiponectin (ng mL⁻¹)	4 months	No significant association found	Maternal BMI, pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, mode of infant feeding (exclusively or partially breastfed without formula at 3 months postpartum)
			Leptin (ng mL⁻¹)		No significant association found
			Insulin (ng mL⁻¹)		No significant association found
Weyermann et al. (36)	EBF for 3+ months	33 and 71 days post-partum	Adiponectin (ng mL⁻¹)	33 and 71 days post-partum	Levels higher in milk with no smoking (p value not stated)	Age, education, nationality, BMI, smoking status of mother
Weyermann et al. (36)	EBF for 3+ months	33 and 71 days post-partum	Leptin (ng mL⁻¹)	33 and 71 days post-partum	No association found	Age, education, nationality, BMI, smoking status of mother

Where confounders were adjusted, data reported is from adjusted analysis. Significant results are depicted with the p value in bold. HM, human milk; EBF, exclusive breastfeeding; BMI, body mass index.