Table 8.
Summary of the association between human milk composition and other maternal factors.
| Paper | Feeding type | HM measured time-point | HM component | Other maternal factors measure time-point | Reported associations and correlations | Confounders adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cagiran-Yilmaz et al. (11) | EBF for 3+ months | 1, 3 and 6 months | Leptin (ng/mL) | 1, 3 and 6 months | Significant, positive correlation with hip, waist and mid-upper arm circumference in all months (p < 0.05) | None |
| Chan et al. (12) | EBF for 3–4 months | 3 months | Adiponectin (ng mL−1) | 4 months | Asian mothers had lower levels compared to Caucasian (p = 0.01) | Maternal BMI, pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, mode of infant feeding (exclusively or partially breastfed without formula at 3 months postpartum) |
| Leptin (ng mL−1) | No association observed with ethnicity | |||||
| Insulin (ng mL−1) | Asian mothers had higher levels compared to Caucasian (p < 0.0001) | |||||
| Gridneva et al. (19) | EBF for 3+ months | 2 and/or 5, 9 and 12 months | Adiponectin (ng mL−1) | 2 and/or 5, 9 and 12 months | No significant association observed with maternal body composition | None |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | No significant association observed with maternal body composition | |||||
| Leghi et al. (24) | EBF for 6 to 20 weeks | NS | Adiponectin (ng mL−1) | NS | Positive association with changes in maternal carbohydrate intake (p = 0.033) and total energy intake (p = 0.038) | None |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | No association observed with maternal carbohydrate and energy intake | |||||
| Insulin (ng/mL) | No association observed with maternal carbohydrate and energy intake | |||||
| Romijn et al. (30) | EBF for 3+ months | 1 month | Cortisol (ng/mL) | 1 month | Cortisol was lower in the group who sought consultation at the psychiatry-obstetric-pediatric outpatient clinic (p = 0.02) | None |
| Pundir et al. (28) | EBF for 3+ months | 3 months | Cortisol (ng/mL) | 3 months | No association observed with mode of delivery | Maternal BMI, education, occupational class, family income, family structure, seasonal variation, maternal distress, pregnancy duration, delivery and gestational diabetes |
| Zielinkska-Pukos et al. (41) | EBF for 3+ months | 1, 3 and 6 months | Cortisol (ng/mL) | 1, 3 and 6 months | No association observed with postpartum depression score and percieved stress scale | None |
Where confounders were adjusted, data reported is from adjusted analysis. Significant results are depicted with the p value in bold. HM, human milk; EBF, exclusive breastfeeding; BMI, body mass index; NS, not stated.