Table 2.
Participant language and nonverbal cognitive characteristics.
| Measure | Autism without language impairment (n = 16) |
Autism plus language impairment (n = 15) |
Group differences |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | t | df | p | |
| CELF-5 Core Language score | 101.4 | 13.2 | 82–130 | 56.2 | 12.89 | 40–78 | 8.96 | 25 | < .001 |
| CELF-5 Formulated Sentences | 11 | 2.22 | 7–16 | 3.4 | 3.54 | 1–11 | 6.48 | 25 | < .001 |
| CELF-5 Recalling Sentences | 9.92 | 2.71 | 5–15 | 2.53 | 1.92 | 1–6 | 8.28 | 25 | < .001 |
| Autism traits | |||||||||
| ADOS-2 calibrated severity score | 7.6 | 1.96 | 4–10 | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| SRS-2 total t score | 80.25 | 12.5 | 64–90 | 68.2 | 9.14 | 54–87 | N/A | ||
| Cognitive ability | |||||||||
| Full-scale IQ | 121.1 | 18.4 | 84–152 | 84 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| Raven's 2 NVIQ | 92 | 11 | 80–106 | 81.4 | 15.3 | 52–101 | N/A | ||
Note. Significant differences at p < .05 in bolded text. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Second Edition (ADOS-2) scores (Lord et al., 2012) reported for 11 participants: 10 autism without language impairment (ASD) and one autism plus language impairment (ALI). Social Responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2; Constantino, 2012) total t scores reported for 17 participants: four ASD and 13 ALI. Full-scale IQ assessed using the Wechsler Abbreviate Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1999) for 10 participants: nine ASD and one ALI. Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) assessed using the Raven's Progressive Matrices 2, Clinical Edition (Raven's 2; Raven et al., 2018) for 20 participants: three ASD and 15 ALI. N/A = not applicable. Independent-samples t test used for Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition (CELF-5) Core Language score, Formulated Sentences, and Recalling Sentences.