Table 8.
Statistical comparisons of production of overt, zero, and other morphosyntactic structures by group.
| Structure | Overt |
Zero |
Other |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t | df | p | t | df | p | t | df | p | |
| CELF-5 Formulated Sentences | |||||||||
| 3 s regular and irregular | 1.57 | 11.23 | .144 | −1.57 | 11.23 | .144 | — | — | — |
| Past regular and irregular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Auxiliary BE present | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Auxiliary BE past | 1 | 2 | .423 | — | — | — | −1 | 2 | .423 |
| Copula present | 1.27 | 10 | .233 | — | — | — | −1.27 | 10 | .233 |
| Copula past | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| CELF-5 Recalling Sentences | |||||||||
| 3 s regular and irregular | −1.39 | 15.46 | .183 | −1.39 | 15.46 | .183 | — | — | — |
| Past regular and irregular | 1.26 | 16.48 | .227 | −1.82 | 12 | .094 | 1 | 11 | .169 |
| Auxiliary BE present | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Auxiliary BE past | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Copula present | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Copula past | 1.77 | 16.97 | .095 | −1.32 | 13 | .209 | −1.53 | 17.26 | .145 |
Note. On Formulated Sentences, computing t is not possible because SDs of groups are 0. On Recalling Sentences, computing t is not possible for auxiliary BE past overt and auxiliary BE past zero because at least one group is empty. On Recalling Sentences, computing t is not possible for copula BE present overt and zero because the SDs of groups are 0. Group: autism without language impairment or autism plus language impairment. CELF-5 = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition; 3 s = third-person singular present tense; — = t test not possible.