Figure 1.

Association of midlife exposure to residential greenness [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), 1986–1994] with baseline cognitive function and cognitive decline of global cognition (1995–2008), stratified by NSES, population density, and apolipoprotein E ɛ4 (apoE-ɛ4) carriers, the Nurses’ Health Study ($n=\mathrm{16,962}$). Linear mixed models were used, including an intercept that represents the mean cognitive level at baseline and a slope parameter that represents the mean annual rate of cognitive decline over time. Numeric data for effect estimates are shown in Table S13. Sample sizes were as follows: low NSES $N=\mathrm{5,657}$; medium NSES $N=\mathrm{5,649}$; high NSES $N=\mathrm{5,656}$; low population density $N=\mathrm{5,595}$; medium population density $N=\mathrm{5,580}$; high population density $N=\mathrm{5,584}$; ApoE-e4 noncarriers $N=\mathrm{15,027}$; and ApoE-e4 carriers $N=\mathrm{1,935}$. Interaction $p$-values for baseline cognitive function are as follows: ApoE4 $p=0.90$, NSES $p=0.38$, and population density $p=0.73$. Interaction $p$-values for cognitive decline are as follows: ApoE4 $p<0.001$, NSES $p=0.49$, and population density $p=0.19$. Note: CI, confidence interval; NSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; Pop_Density, population density.