Table 2.

Association between midlife exposure to residential greenness [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), 1986–1994] and baseline cognitive function (1995–2001) among women in the Nurses’ Health Study ($n=\mathrm{16,962}$).

Modelsa	Mean difference in baseline cognitive function per IQR increase in NDVI (95% CI)
Global cognition
Age-adjusted	0.02 (0.01, 0.04)
Plus socioeconomic indicators	0.03 (0.01, 0.04)
Plus neighborhood socioeconomic indicators	0.03 (0.01, 0.04)
Plus depression + antidepressant use	0.02 (0.01, 0.04)
Verbal memory
Age-adjusted	0.01 ($-0.01$, 0.02)
Plus socioeconomic indicators	0.01 ($-0.01$, 0.02)
Plus neighborhood socioeconomic indicators	0.01 ($-0.01$, 0.02)
Plus depression + antidepressant use	0.01 ($-0.004$, 0.02)

Note: Participants average age ranged from 61 to 69 y at midlife exposure to residential greenness and cognitive function was assessed at age $\ge 70$ y. CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range.

^a Linear mixed models were used, including an intercept that represents the mean cognitive level at baseline. All models include the same sample size $N=\mathrm{16,962}$.