Table 3.

Longitudinal association between midlife exposure to residential greenness [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), 1986–1994] and cognitive decline (1995–2008) among women in the Nurses’ Health Study ($n=\mathrm{16,962}$).

Modelsa	Mean difference in slope of cognitive decline per IQR increase in NDVI (95% CI)
Global cognition
Age-adjusted	0.004 (0.001, 0.006)
Plus socioeconomic indicators	0.004 (0.001, 0.006)
Plus neighborhood socioeconomic indicators	0.004 (0.001, 0.006)
Plus depression + antidepressant use	0.004 (0.001, 0.006)
Verbal memory
Age-adjusted	0.003 ($-0.00007$, 0.006)
Plus socioeconomic indicators	0.003 ($-0.00004$, 0.006)
Plus neighborhood socioeconomic indicators	0.003 ($-0.00005$, 0.006)
Plus depression + antidepressant use	0.003 ($-0.00009$, 0.006)

Note: Participants average age ranged from 61 to 69 y at midlife exposure to residential greenness and cognitive function was assessed at age $\ge 70$ y. CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range.

^a Linear mixed models were used, including an intercept that represents the mean cognitive level at baseline and a slope parameter that represents the mean annual rate of cognitive decline over time. All models include the same sample size $N=\mathrm{16,962}$.