Table 1.
Diagnoses given by the multimodal ChatGPT-4V Model for the cases in the ‘Diagnosis Please’ Section and the reference answers (Case 302–317).
| Case | Reference answer | Try 1 | Try 2 | Try 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 302 | Supratentorial Lymphocytic Inflammation with Parenchymal Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids | Neurocysticercosis | Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder | Neuro-Behçet’s Disease |
| 303 | Delayed Posthypoxic Leukoencephalopathy | Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) or Anoxic Brain Injury | Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) | Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy |
| 304 | Porphyria Cutanea Tarda | Hemochromatosis | Hemochromatosis | Hemochromatosis |
| 305 | Loeffler Endocarditis | Löffler endocarditis or eosinophilic myocarditis | Eosinophilic Myocarditis | Löffler endocarditis or Eosinophilic myocarditis |
| 306 | Ectopic Thyroid Goiter in the Porta Hepatis | Ectopic thyroid tissue in the porta hepatis | Ectopic thyroid tissue in the porta hepatis | Ectopic thyroid tissue in the porta hepatis |
| 307 | Heterotopic Pancreas in Jejunal Mesentery | Mesenteric Fibromatosis (Desmoid Tumor) | Mesenteric Paraganglioma | Pancreatic nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumor (nonfunctioning pancreatic NET) |
| 308 | Van Wyk–Grumbach Syndrome | Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome | Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome | Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome |
| 309 | Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy | Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma |
| 310 | Posterior Epidural Migration of a Lumbar Disk Herniation | Lumbar Epidural Abscess | Epidural Abscess | Spinal Anterior Epidural Abscess |
| 311 | Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly | Hodgkin lymphoma | Lymphoma | Lymphangioma or Cystic Hygroma. |
| 312 | Dercum Disease | Familial Multiple Lipomatosis | Familial Cystic Mastopathy | Familial Multiple Lipomatosis |
| 313 | Cerebral Venous Infarct Due to Internal Cerebral Vein Thrombosis in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection | Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) secondary to a pulmonary condition (possibly an infection or inflammatory condition). | Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST) with associated brain infarctions and potential pulmonary embolism or diffuse pulmonary pathology. | Metastatic cancer to the brain, most likely from a primary lung malignancy. |
| 314 | Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy | Arteriovenous Malformation | Arteriovenous Malformation | Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation |
| 315 | Cardiac Calcified Amorphous Tumor | Cardiac Myxoma | Cardiac Myxoma | Cardiac Myxoma |
| 316 | Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia | Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) | Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV (Morquio syndrome) | Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia |
| 317 | Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia | Adult-onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia | Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter | Frontotemporal Dementia |