Fig. 2.

Flowchart of in- and excluded EMA-registered compounds. The EMA EPAR database was accessed on 12-09-2022 and contained 1942 pharmacotherapeutical compounds. Compounds were excluded with at least one of the following exclusion criteria: not licensed before the year 2012, were not indicated for treatment of prevention of infectious diseases, were not developed for use in humans, or contained generic medicines. After the first round of exclusion, search for phase 1 start dates was performed via the 3-step process, and another 19 compounds were excluded based on the following criteria: re-use of older compounds either in a combination or different application, duplicates, and phase 1 trials were not performed.