Table 4.

Linear regression analysis of factors associated with clinical development time length.

Variable	Univariable	P	Multivariable	P
Outbreak setting
aEID	Ref		Ref
Non-EID	−4.7 (−6.8 to −2.6)	<0.001	−5.4 (−8.2 to −2.6)	<0.001
Pathogen(s) targeted
Virus	Ref		Ref
Bacteria	3.0 (0.8–5.2)	0.008	0.3 (−1.9 to 2.4)	0.82
Other/mix/fungi	5.3 (0.1–10.7)	0.054	1.2 (−3.8 to 6.3)	0.48
Vaccine
Yes	Ref		Ref
No	1.5 (−0.7 to 3.7)	0.18	0.2 (−2.1 to 2.5)	0.86
Combination drug
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	−2.7 (−5.2 to 0.3)	0.03	−2.7 (−4.9 to −0.4)	0.02
bCMA status
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	−3.1 (−6.1 to −0.1)	0.046	−1.0 (−4.4 to 2.3)	0.53
Orphan drug
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	3.9 (0.4–7.4)	0.02	3.1 (−0.6 to 6.8)	0.10
Accelerated assessment
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	−3.5 (−7.5 to 0.5)	0.08	−4.0 (−7.6 to −0.5)	0.03
Type of sponsor-investigator of phase 1 trial
Pharmaceutical	Ref		Ref
Academic	−4.9 (−11.8 to 1.9)	0.16	−0.8 (−6.7 to 5.1)	0.79
Governmental	0.6 (−3.5 to 4.7)	0.76	2.5 (−1.3 to 6.2)	0.19

P-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant (bold).

^aEID: emerging infectious disease.

^bCMA: conditional marketing authorisation. CI: 95% confidence interval; Ref, reference category.