Table 1.

Overview of animal healers.

Name	Main selected species	Indications	Appropriate crowd	Usage	Mechanism of treatment	Side effects	Main existing problem
Fish therapy	Cyprinion macrostomus; Garra rufa	Skin diseases (psoriasis)	Patients who are no taboos about bathing; people with healthy immune systems	Patients and fishes bathe together	Gently exfoliating the skin	Cross contamination	How to enhance the effectiveness of fish therapy
Pet therapy	Dog; cat; dolphin; others	Mental and emotional disorders; pain; low quality of life	Patients with malignant tumors or mental illness	Pets are assigned to accompanied with patients	Emotional sustenance; kill time; attention diversion	Accidental injury; parasitic disease; allergy; bite	There is no standard measurement, pet type, and treatment plan
Worm therapy	Tapeworm; nematode; whipworm; blood fluke	Inflammatory bowel disease; encephalomyelitis; multiple sclerosis; type I diabetes; rheumatoid arthritis	Unknown	Patients are artificially parasitized with worms	Regulation of immune response; inhibition inflammatory process	Pruritus; enteropathy; eosinophilia	How to prevent worms from escaping; How to enhance the safety
Leech therapy	Hirudo nipponica	Venous congestive disease; knee osteoarthritis; chronic complex regional pain syndrome; diabetic foot; revascularization	Unknown	Place the leech in the lesion area of patients	Removal of the hematoma; release the effective substances	Infection; skin itching; secondary bleeding; anemia	How to promote infection prevention
Maggot therapy	Larvae of Calliphoridae	Infectious or refractory wounds	Patients who have no fear and psychological resistance	Place the larvae in the wound of patients	Debridement; anti-infection; healing promotion	Crawling feeling; pain; unpleasant odor	How to achieve standardized production and application
Bee therapy	Honey bee	Knee osteoarthritis; nerve-root type cervical spondylosis; peripheral vascular diseases	Patients who are negative response to bee venom	Clamp the bee and stab the bee venom into the patient's skin	Expansion and congest of local blood vessels; meridian stimulation	Intoxication; allergy	How to reduce toxic and side effects