Table 2.
Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Frequency With a Composite of Cardiovascular Events Among Participants Stratified by Lung Function Abnormality Without CVD at Baseline
| Groups | N | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Without CVD at baseline | |||||||
| GOLD 1–4+PRISm | 3937 | 1.79 | 1.47–2.17 | <0.001 | 1.81 | 1.47–2.22 | <0.001 |
| GOLD 2–4 | 2494 | 1.77 | 1.41–2.21 | <0.001 | 1.87 | 1.48–2.37 | <0.001 |
| GOLD 1 | 575 | 1.86 | 0.86–4.02 | 0.12 | 1.78 | 0.80–3.96 | 0.2 |
| PRISm | 868 | 1.81 | 1.06–3.09 | 0.030 | 1.93 | 1.12–3.35 | 0.018 |
Covariates include age, sex, race, body mass index, current smoking status, pack‐years of cigarette smoking, self‐reported diabetes, baseline postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second as a percentage of predicted, self‐reported hypertension, and self‐reported hypercholesterolemia. HRs in the table indicate the ratio of hazard rate of the composite of cardiovascular events comparing frequent to infrequent exacerbators. The reference group was the infrequent exacerbators in each model. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HR, hazard ratio; and PRISm, preserved ratio impaired spirometry.