Table 3.
Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Frequency With a Composite of Cardiovascular Events Among Participants Stratified by Lung Function Abnormality With CVD at Baseline
| Groups | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| With CVD at baseline | |||||||
| GOLD 1–4+PRISm | 1146 | 1.84 | 1.45–2.32 | <0.001 | 1.92 | 1.51–2.44 | <0.001 |
| GOLD 2–4 | 793 | 1.80 | 1.37–2.36 | <0.001 | 1.87 | 1.41–2.47 | <0.001 |
| GOLD 1 | 118 | 1.64 | 0.64–4.18 | 0.3 | 2.05 | 0.73–5.79 | 0.2 |
| PRISm | 235 | 2.03 | 1.19–3.47 | 0.010 | 2.73 | 1.54–4.86 | <0.001 |
HRs in the table indicate the ratio of hazard rate of the composite of cardiovascular events comparing frequent to infrequent exacerbators. The reference group was the infrequent exacerbators in each model. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HR, hazard ratio; and PRISm, preserved ratio impaired spirometry.