Figure 1. CHD Cohort construction.
*Case inclusion definition: individuals aged 1 to 64 y from 4 sites (Georgia, North Carolina, New York, and Utah) who (1) had at least 1 health care encounter between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013; (2) had at least 1 ICD‐9‐CM CHD‐related code 30 ; and (3) resided in site‐specific catchment areas. CHD indicates congenital heart defects; and ICD‐9‐CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification.