Table 2.
Associations Between Race and Ethnicity and Health Care Usage and Death, by Neighborhood Poverty Status Among Individuals With CHDs
| Outpatient visits* | Hospitalizations* | Emergency department visits* | Death | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | aOR (95% CI) | n (%) | aOR (95% CI) | n (%) | aOR (95% CI) | n (%) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| High‐poverty neighborhood (≥25% households below federal poverty level†) | ||||||||
| Non‐Hispanic White | 3221 (92.3) | 1.0 (referent) | 1475 (42.3) | 1.0 (referent) | 914 (26.2) | 1.0 (referent) | 38 (1.1) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 3207 (94.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1511 (44.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)‡ | 1325 (38.9) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)‡ | 63 (1.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7)‡ |
| Hispanic | 2944 (96.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1449 (47.7) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5)‡ | 2004 (66.0) | 1.8 (1.5–2.0)‡ | 27 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) |
| Other§ | 342 (90.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)‡ | 208 (55.0) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1)‡ | 119 (31.5) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)‡ | <10 – | 1.0 (0.4–3.0) |
| Low‐poverty neighborhood (<25% households below federal poverty level†) | ||||||||
| Non‐Hispanic White | 13 509 (92.0) | 1.0 (referent) | 5843 (39.8) | 1.0 (referent) | 3913 (26.7) | 1.0 (referent) | 159 (1.1) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 3325 (92.7) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1588 (44.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)‡ | 1128 (31.5) | 1.6 (1.5–1.8)‡ | 52 (1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
| Hispanic | 2231 (95.8) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7)‡ | 1150 (49.4) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6)‡ | 1222 (52.5) | 2.0 (1.8–2.2)‡ | 23 (1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) |
| Other§ | 573 (90.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 299 (47.1) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7)‡ | 153 (24.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | <10 – | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) |
Cell sizes <10 are not displayed directly and are reported as “<10” per site‐specific cell size suppression policy; cell size values of “0” are reported directly. aOR indicates adjusted odds ratio; and CHD, congenital heart defect.
Zero counts for visit types are not included; health care usage visit categories are not mutually exclusive.
Assessed on the basis of individuals' zip code tabulation area from the 2014 American Community Survey 5‐year estimates, estimated across years 2010 to 2014 (US Census Bureau, 2014).
Statistically significant aOR values are bolded.
Other racial and ethnic group includes Asian, American Indian/Native American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and multiracial. Unknown race excluded from analyses.