Table 2.
Associations of Covariates With Incident Hypertension
| Covariate* | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |
| History of GD across 2 pregnancies | |
| Absence of GDM | Reference |
| GD in first pregnancy | 1.40 (1.31–1.49) |
| GD in second pregnancy | 1.44 (1.37–1.52) |
| GD in both pregnancies | 1.76 (1.65–1.88) |
| Age of mother at second delivery, y | |
| <25 | Reference |
| 25–29 | 1.24 (1.18–1.30) |
| 30–34 | 1.58 (1.50–1.66) |
| ≥35 | 2.22 (2.11–2.34) |
| Time between deliveries, y | |
| <2 | Reference |
| 2–<2.5 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) |
| 2.5–<3.5 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) |
| ≥3.5 | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) |
| Material deprivation index, quintiles† | |
| 1 (least deprived) | Reference |
| 2 | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) |
| 3 | 1.17 (1.13–1.22) |
| 4 | 1.25 (1.20–1.29) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.32 (1.27–1.38) |
| Social deprivation index, quintiles† | |
| 1 (least deprived) | Reference |
| 2 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) |
| 3 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
| 4 | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
| Ethnicity‡ | |
| Europid‐descent: America, Australia or Europe | Reference |
| Africa or Caribbean | 2.20 (2.07–2.35) |
| Arab‐speaking regions | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) |
| Asia | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) |
| Other | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) |
| Comorbid conditions§ | |
| Mood disorders, alcohol or drug dependence | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) |
| Thyroid disorder | 1.06 (1.00–1.14) |
| Arthritis | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) |
| Asthma or COPD | 1.38 (1.29–1.49) |
| Offspring characteristics | |
| Offspring size|| | |
| AGA: both offspring | Reference |
| SGA: first offspring only | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) |
| SGA: second offspring only | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) |
| SGA: both offspring | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) |
| LGA: first offspring only | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) |
| LGA: second offspring only | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) |
| LGA: both offspring | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) |
| SGA: first offspring, LGA: second offspring | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) |
| LGA: first offspring, SGA: second offspring | 0.92 (0.68–1.26) |
| Gestational age of offspring at birth | |
| Term birth: both offspring | Reference |
| Preterm birth: first offspring only | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) |
| Preterm birth: second offspring only | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) |
| Preterm birth: both offspring | 1.12 (1.01–1.23) |
| Paternal characteristics | |
| Prior history of paternal diabetes# | 1.25 (1.12–1.41) |
| Prior history of paternal hypertension# | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) |
| Prior history of paternal cardiovascular disease** | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) |
AGA indicates appropriate for gestational age; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GDM, gestational diabetes; HR, hazard ratio; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; LGA, large for gestational age; and SGA, small for gestational age.
The Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for the gestational hypertension/preeclampsia occurrences across pregnancies, as well as each of the variables listed.
7335 women were missing a value for the Institut national de santé publique du Québec material deprivation index.
Compared with women of Europid descent, those from African or Arabic ethnic origins demonstrated increased risk of developing hypertension, respectively, during the follow‐up period. Other indicates indigenous language or language unspecified.
The reference group are women with the absence of each condition, respectively. The presence of each comorbid condition was associated with higher hypertension hazards. Comorbid conditions were defined in accordance with the Chronic Disease Surveillance System's definition of chronic disease, requiring ≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient ICD codes to be present within 2 years before the index date.
150 offspring were missing birth weight required to derive offspring size.
Prior history in the father was defined as ≥1 inpatient and/or ≥2 outpatient ICD codes for any form of diabetes or hypertension, respectively, that occurred during the period from 2 y before 20 wks' gestation of their partner's first pregnancy to 12 wks' postpartum in relationship to the second pregnancy. The reference group are those without diabetes or hypertension, respectively.
Prior history of CVD in the father was defined as ≥1 inpatient, ≥1 related surgical procedure (angioplasty, endarterectomy, or coronary artery bypass surgery), and/or ≥2 outpatient ICD codes for any form of myocardial infarction, stroke, and angina, that occurred during the period from 2 y before 20 wks' gestation of their partner's first pregnancy to 12 wks' postpartum in relationship to the second pregnancy. The reference group are those without CVD.